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2420 Pathology > Module 11 Gastrointestinal > Flashcards

Module 11 Gastrointestinal Flashcards

1
Q

Peritonitis

A
  • Inflammation of peritoneal cavity
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2
Q

Peritoneal Cavity

A
  • Forms lining of abdominal cavity
  • Can be impacted by GI tract disease
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3
Q

Ascites

A
  • Peritoneal cavity fills with fluid
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4
Q

Digestion

A
  • Breaking down food components
  • Enzymes/acids
  • Mainly in stomach & duodenum
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5
Q

Absorption

A
  • Taking up nutrients & water
  • Nutrients occurs in small bowel
  • Water/electrolyte occurs in large bowel
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6
Q

Excretion

A
  • Expelling waste from digestion process
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7
Q

Common Signs/Symptoms

A
  • Depend on cause
  • Dependant on severity
  • Pain
  • Nausea/vomit
  • Loss of appetite
  • Diarrhea
  • Constipation
  • Distension
  • Fatigue
  • Fever
  • Bleeding
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8
Q

GI Bleeding

A
  • Can be acute or a cancer sign
  • Characterization based on symptoms
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9
Q

Hematemesis

A
  • Vomit as result of internal bleeding
  • Effects stomach acid on hemoglobin
  • Coffee ground like emesis (dark)
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10
Q

Hematochezia

A
  • Fresh blood (red) in stool
  • Commonly lower GI bleed
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11
Q

Melena

A
  • Dark black stool
  • Digestion of blood
  • Commonly upper GI bleed
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12
Q

Occult GI Bleed

A
  • Not visible
  • Identified on stool screening test/bloodwork
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13
Q

Appendicitis

A
  • Inflammation of appendix
  • Associated with fecalith (hard stool)
  • Ischemia
  • Ulceration
  • Secondary infection
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14
Q

Appendicitis Risk Factors

A
  • Extremes of age
  • Family history
  • Males more common
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15
Q

Appendicitis Signs/Symptoms

A
  • Abdominal pain (RLQ)
  • Rebound tenderness
  • Nausea/vomit
  • Fever
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16
Q

Appendicitis Complications

A
  • Appendiceal rupture (perforation)
  • Peri-appendiceal abscess
  • Peritonitis
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17
Q

Appendicitis Treatment

A
  • Surgical removal
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18
Q

Helicobacter Pylori (H. Pylori)

A
  • Gram neg bacteria
  • Colonizes in stomach
  • Increasing prevalence in developing countries
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19
Q

H.Pylori Signs/Symptoms

A
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Abdominal pain (mid/upper)
  • Nausea
  • Bloating
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20
Q

H.Pylori Complications

A
  • Peptic/duodenal ulcers
  • Bleeding & perforation
  • Chronic inflammation
  • Increase risk of lymphoma & cancer
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21
Q

H.Pylori Diagnosis

A
  • Endoscopy
  • Biopsies
  • Blood work
  • Urea breath test
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22
Q

H.Pylori Treatment

A
  • Triple therapy (antibiotics & protein pump inhibitors)
23
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)

A
  • Unknown etiology
  • Inflammation of bowel
  • Onset 15-35 years
24
Q

IBD Symptoms

A
  • Diarrhea (blood)
  • Urgency
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fever
  • Weight loss
  • Fatigue
  • Extraintestinal problems
25
Q

Crohn’s Disease

A
  • Ileum & colon (patchy involvement)
  • Uncommon hematochezia
  • Transmural inflammation
26
Q

Crohn’s Disease Complications

A
  • Abscesses
  • Strictures
  • Fistulas
  • Perianal disease
27
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A
  • Rectum (continuous involvement)
  • Limited to colorectum
  • Common hematochezia
  • Increase colon cancer risk
  • Superficial inflammation
28
Q

Treatment Crohn’s/Ulcerative

A
  • Anti-inflammatory meds
  • Symptom relief for stool
  • Nutritional support
  • Surveillance endoscopy
29
Q

Crohn’s Surgery

A
  • Removal of damaged sections
  • Management of abscesses/fistulas
30
Q

Ulcerative Colitis Surgery

A
  • Remove colon/rectum
31
Q

Diverticulum

A
  • Outpouching of bowel wall
32
Q

Diverticulum Disease

A
  • Presence of diverticula
  • Most common sigmoid colon in north america
33
Q

Diverticulum Causes

A
  • Increased luminal pressure (low fiber, high fat)
  • Weak points in gut wall
34
Q

Diverticulitis

A
  • Inflammation of diverticula
35
Q

Diverticulitis Symptoms

A
  • Fever
  • Worsening of abdominal pain (LLQ)
36
Q

Diverticulitis Complications

A
  • Abscess formation
  • Perforations
  • Strictures
  • Fistulas
37
Q

Diverticulitis Treatment

A
  • Antibiotics
  • Surgery
38
Q

Bowel Obstruction

A
  • Blockage prevents passage of foods/liquids
39
Q

Bowel Obstruction Signs/Symptoms

A
  • Abdominal distension
  • Vomiting
  • Constipation
40
Q

GI Herniation

A
  • Pouch like protrusion of peritoneum
41
Q

GI Adhesions

A
  • Fibrosis/scar tissue
  • Between loops of bowel
42
Q

Volvulus

A
  • Twisting of bowel on itself
  • Mesentery
43
Q

Intussusception

A
  • Telescoping of bowel into adjacent segment
44
Q

Colorectal Cancer

A
  • Third most diagnosed cancer in Canada
  • Adenocarcinoma most common type
45
Q

Colorectal Cancer Staging

A
  • Stage 1/2 confined to bowel
  • Stage 3 metastasis to local lymph nodes
  • Stage 4 metastasis to distant organs/sites
46
Q

Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis

A
  • Mutations in bowel mucosa can cause pre-cancerous lesions
  • Polyps (not all result in cancer mutation)
  • Local invasion/metastasis
47
Q

Colorectal Cancer Symptoms

A
  • Rectal/stool bleed
  • Change in bowel habits
  • Abdominal discomfort
  • Weakness
  • Fatigue
  • Weight loss
48
Q

Colorectal Cancer Risk Factors

A
  • Family history
  • Age
  • Inflammatory bowel disease
  • Diet
  • Smoking
  • Obesity
  • Exercise
49
Q

Colorectal Cancer Screening

A
  • Primary preventions/early detection reduces mortality
  • Fecal immunochemical test (FIT)
  • Stool test (blood)
  • Endoscopy (directly examine bowel)
50
Q

Esophageal Cancer

A
  • Presents at advanced stage
  • Less common than colorectal
  • Adenocarcinoma most common in Canada
  • Distal third of esophagus
51
Q

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Pathogenesis

A
  • Background of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease
  • Mucosa undergoes intestinal metaplasia
  • Greater risk of dysplasia & malignancy
52
Q

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Symptoms

A
  • Pain/difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
  • Weight loss
  • Chest pain
  • Vomiting
53
Q

Esophageal Adenocarcinoma Risk Factors

A
  • GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease)
  • Tobacco use
  • Obesity
  • Radiation

2420 Pathology (13 decks)

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