Module 6- FEEDING PRINCIPLES IN RUMINANT ANIMALS Flashcards
how feed is broken down into its component parts in a laboratory procedure
proximate analysis
causes great variation in their nutritive value; this is especially true of farm of feedlot rations where high-moisture silage is often fed.
water content of feeds
also influences cattle performance under range conditions when cattle are turned onto spring grass.
water content
consist of inorganic and organic materials.
total dissolved solids (TDS)
supply most of cattle’s energy needs and make up 65 to 75 percent of the dryweight of grains, forages and roughage.
carbohydrates
two commonly used substances detected in typical feed analysis to evaluate carbohydrate content of feed are;
crude fiber and nitrogen-free extract
are complex compounds composed of various amino acids.
protein
amino acids contain
16% nitrogen in addition to CARBON, HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN
is an excellent protein source when with grains, such as CORN, SORGHUM, BARLEY or OATS.
high quality alfalfa hay
broken down and used as an energy source.
excess dietary protein
are frequently placed in protein supplements fed to ruminants to reduce the cost of supplementation.
urea and ammonia
critical for skeletal development, digestion, metabolic processes, reproduction, growth, and lactation
minerals
are the most important minerals animals require on a daily basis.
calcium and phosphorus
bitter and unpalatable when fed by itself
phosphorus
help animals digest and absorb nutrients
vitamins
commonly provided by injection or through supplementation
vitamin A
commonly provided by injection or through supplementation
vitamin A
commonly provided by injection or through supplementation
vitamin A
single largest cost associated with raising small ruminants.
feed
exerts a very large imfluence on reproduction, milk production, and lamb and kid growth
nutrition
most critical periods for ewe and doe nutrition, with lactation placing the highest nutritional demands on ewes/does
late-gestatiom and lactation
usually the most limiting nutrient
energy
necessary to maintain a healthy rumen environment and prevent digestive upsets
fiber (bulk)
the cheapest feed ingredient, yet often the most neglected
water
can substitute for one another so long as the animals nutritional requirements are being met
feed ingredient
affect maintenance requirements
environmental conditions
small ruminants need to meet their nutritional requirements
pasture
usually the primary and most economical source of nutrients for sheep and goats
pasture, forbs, browse
natural browsers and have the unique ability to select plants when they are at their most nutritious state.
goats
browse have fewer problems with internal parasites
sheep and goats
primary source of nutrients for small ruminants during the winter or non-grazing season.
hay
tends to be a moderate source of protein and energy for sheep and goats
hay
necessary to maintain nutritional quality of hay
proper curing and storage
it is shown to increase growth weight, but should only be done to the extent that it increases profit.
creep feeding and supplemental feeding
2 types of concentrate feeds
energy and proteins
generally more important than protein quality
protein quantity
a mature animal will consume between
¾ and 1 ½ gallons of water per day
grow very slowly because they lack leaf area for optimum photosynthesis
phase I
the plants make the most rapid and efficient growth; their leaf area is great enough to use all the sunlight falling on the area
phase II
as lower leaves become shaded and die. this is the beginning of plant reproduction and slower vegetative growth.
phase III
involves unelongated tillers that are only producing leaves.
vegetative stage
involves unelongated tillers that are only producing leaves.
vegetative stage
involves unelongated tillers that are only producing leaves.
vegetative stage
inflorescences are located in the sheaths of the flag leaf.
boot stage
inflorescences start to emerge and to expand
heading
flowers are shedding pollen
anthesis
inflorescences are fully developed and seeds are ripe
mature seed
involves a period mainly of leaf growth and development.
vegetative stage
occurs in the elongation stage, the growth period between the vegetative stage and reproductive stage.
stem growth
practice to keep an eye on plant regrowth and location of the shoot apices. otherwise known as the main growing points
critical grassland management practice
least expensive feed for livestock
pasture
management decisions
- determining optimum milk production
- breeding season
- timing of calving
- when to purchase and sell animals
important component of an economically viable pasture-based operation
grazing system
refers to a broader category of grazing systems including REST ROTATION, DEFERRED ROTATION AND MANAGEMENT INSTENSIVE GRAZING
Rotational grazing
livestock producers allow animals to graze on pasture for the entire grazing season.
continuous grazing
pastures are rested for a specified period of time
rest rotation grazing
particular pasture is not grazed for a specific period of time until plants reach a certain maturity level
deferred grazing system
animals are moved to a new paddock in no specific order.
management-intensive grazing system
