Module 4: MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK IN SHEEP AND GOATS

Question 1

source that’s accepted by a multitude of cultures and religions has room for tremendous growth and the ever-expanding global diet and wardrobe

Answer 1

protein and fiber

Question 2

how the greatest potential for advancement in reproductive efficiency

Answer 2

sheep and goats

Question 3

define as being slow input in often utilizing larger tracts of land

Answer 3

extensive production

Question 4

will generate larger lamb and kid crops but at an added production cost

Answer 4

intensive operations

Question 5

generally occurs in a facility or small paddock and under daily management.

Answer 5

lambing or kidding

Question 6

is typically more precise and intensive management and often includes pedigree health performance information and dates for breeding lambing or teething and winning on individual animals

Answer 6

record keeping

Question 7

record keeping is typically more precise and intensive management and often includes

Answer 7

*pedigree
*health
*performance information
*dates for breeding lambing kidding
*weaning on individual animals

Question 8

are typically higher in intensive operations but the adoption of technology to improve efficiency is also more prevalent and the system

Answer 8

labor outputs

Question 9

usually focuses on groups of animals as opposed to the individual

Answer 9

extensive production

Question 10

ewes or nannies often given birth outside and under limited supervision

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extensive system

Question 11

four main breeding system commonly employed in the goat and sheep industry

Answer 11

1. hand mating
2. pen breeding
3. artificial insemination
4. out of season breeding

Question 12

this method involves selecting the buck/ram for the doe/ewe and mating them. this method has the advantage of allowing the exact breeding date to be recorded.

Answer 12

hand mating

Question 13

the buck/ram is put in a pen of does/ewes to facilitate their mating. this method relies on the male to detect females in heat. it significantly less labor-intensive when compared to hand breeding

Answer 13

open breeding

Question 14

offers the advantage of introducing superior genetics cost-effectively. there are a limited number of technicians with small ruminant ai experience

Answer 14

artificial insemination

Question 15

the most reliable though costly, method involves using artificial lighting.

Answer 15

out of season breeding

Question 16

alternate forms of production are

Answer 16

opportunistic and accelerated schemes

Question 17

various factors that determine when how often operation choose to lamb or kid.

Answer 17

• available labor
• breed
• seasonality
• available forage
• targeted market

Question 18

once-a-year mating is the most common practice in sheep and goat production

Answer 18

annual

Question 19

can be best described as bucks or billies being with females year-round

Answer 19

opportunistic

Question 20

two most common accelerated programs are the

Answer 20

8 month and STAR

Question 21

is the simpler of the two methods described. there is a predetermined schedule of joining males woth females twice during a more natural breeding season and once during the seasonal period

Answer 21

8 month accelerated cycle

Question 22

energy demands on the female to reproduce one time i year is manageable and can easily coincide with fiber or milk production to be profitable

Answer 22

benefit of annual production

Question 23

there is downtime between weaning and breeding where the female is not in production

Answer 23

drawback

Question 24

to ensure prevention of production losses due to infertility, a breeding soundness exam should be performed on the male

Answer 24

30 to 60 days prior to the breeding season

Question 25

evaluation should include a

Answer 25

* physical exam * reproductive tract exam * semen analysis

Question 26

occurs just prior to the best available feed resources for the female as she begins a period of high energy demands during lactation

Answer 26

birthing

Question 27

two most common accelerated programs at the 8 month and star programs which are

Answer 27

three lambings/kiddings or five lambings/kiddings in three years

Question 28

that lambs and kids are available to be marketed year-round and facilities and labor resources can be maximized

Answer 28

benefits of accelerated production

Question 29

is the simpler of the two methods described. there is a predetermined schedule of joining males with females twice during a more natural breeding season and once during the a seasonal period

Answer 29

eight-month accelerated cycle

Question 30

may consist of a short one cycle window which would allow approximately 90 days of for lactation and rebreeding to occur

Answer 30

breeding

Question 31

this method is a slightly more demanding on the ewes with the maximum number of births per ewe per year of 1.67 versus 1.5 in an month cycle.

Answer 31

Star Method

Question 32

paramount a profitable sheep or goat enterprise and though several tools exist to improve performance

Answer 32

reproduction

Question 33

breeders enter data into the program and EBV's are calculated off individual animal performance and its pedigree

Answer 33

sheep and goat

Question 34

is the percentage pf lambs produced compared to the number of ewes or does exposed to males

Answer 34

lamb crop

Question 35

is often the measuring stick for the annual success of an operation, but may be impacted by many other factors than simply reproduction

Answer 35

lamb crop

Question 36

generated within contemporary groups as a way of eliminating environmental factors

Answer 36

EBVs

Question 37

have the potential to have significantly greater number of offspring than a single ewe.

Answer 37

rams

Question 38

animals ability to reproduce is referred to as

Answer 38

fertility

Question 39

the number of off spring an animal produces as a result of a mating

Answer 39

fecundity

Question 40

animals that tend to be more fertile also tend to be more

Answer 40

prolific and vice versa

Question 41

have larger testicular circumference tend to produce daughters that come into estrus earlier in life

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rams and billies

Question 42

perhaps the most effective way to improve the economic output of aa operation

Answer 42

increasing prolificacy

Question 43

impact prolificacy reduce the likelihood that sole selection on actual birth rate will result in significant improvement in overall lamb ot kid crop

Answer 43

non genetic factors

Question 44

the effect of heterosis

Answer 44

increase fertility

Question 45

was the first gene identified that is related to fecundity in sheep

Answer 45

FecB mutation to BMPR-1B

Question 46

lambing rate and lamb survival independent of using highly fertile breeds. what are these breed?

Answer 46

F1 Rambouillet (1.5 lambs per ewe) Finnsheep (2.5 lambs per ewe)

Question 47

increases rate by 100% and two copies increase lambing rate by 200% or more

Answer 47

FecB allele

Question 48

gene mutations have since been discovered to affect prolificacy, mostly involving the

Answer 48

BMP15 gene

Question 49

imperative for a female to become pregnant and to raise her offspring

Answer 49

proper body condition

Question 50

if any residual knots or abcesses exist that indicate mastitis was present in a prior lactation, the female should be considered for?

Answer 50

culling

Question 51

particularly important to both meat and dairy production

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udder quality

Question 52

it should be advised to follow labeling instructions carefully as administering an injection of certain vaccines too close to pregnancy can result

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embryonic mortality

Question 53

needed during gestation to control aborting agents when a vaccine is not available or is not fully effective

Answer 53

oral or injectable antibiotics

Question 54

is general term for increasing plane of nutrition to females for 2-6 weeks prior to breeding.

Answer 54

flushing

Question 55

can increase ovulation and subsequent embryonic survival

Answer 55

flushing

Question 56

when is the continuing to flush of ewes or does?

Answer 56

2-4 weeks after fertilization

Question 57

it is recommended to ensure fertility, structural soundness and overall health of the male

Answer 57

Breeding Soundness Exam (BSE)

Question 58

sign of enlargement of the epididymis

Answer 58

OVINE EPIDIDYMITIS from a Brucella Ovis infection

Question 59

another common cause of testicular or epididymal swelling

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injury

Question 60

should be performed during a BSE, with a minimum threshold recommendation of 30 cm circumference for young rams and 33cm for mature bucks

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testicular measurements

Question 61

is highly correlated with semen production and fertility

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testicular size

Question 62

is highly correlated with semen production and fertility

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testicular size

Question 63

rams or billies that are too thin in body condition may have

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decreased fertility and low breeding stamina

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those ram and billies who are too heavily conditioned

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may lack vigor and libido to mate

Question 65

should be collected and evaluated for sperm motility and morphology

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semen sample

Question 66

collection of semen may be performed using an?

Answer 66

artificial vagina or electro-ejaculator

Question 67

tend to be more lethargic from the extra weight and lowered ability to dissipate heat

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males in full fleece

Question 68

is also cleaner as uring and semen do not become entrapped by the wool around the prepuce which can HARBOR PATHOGENS and PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTIONS

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shorter fleece

Question 69

breeding window should be set approximately

Answer 69

5 months from the desired time of parturition

Question 70

one male per breeding group of females, ensures that a mating results in offspring with a desired pedigree.

Answer 70

single sire

Question 71

lack of competition can decrease libido in some rams and bucks, which may result;

Answer 71

lower flock/herd pregnancy rate

Question 72

generally results in a greater pregnancy rate.

Answer 72

multi-sire mating

Question 73

allows for multiple sire mating groups to be used and pedigree of the offspring can still be determined

Answer 73

genetic testing

Question 74

estrous cycle of ewes lasts

Answer 74

17 days and 21 days for the doe

Question 75

generally are seasonally polyestrous, short day breeders.

Answer 75

sheep and goat

Question 76

one strategy to capture a higher value for offspring

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aseasonality or breeding out of season

Question 77

common methods to supply progesterone to sheep and goats

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controlled intravaginal drug releasing (CIDR)

Question 78

exogenous progesterone supplementation to induce the onset of estrus

Answer 78

prostaglandin F2-alpha

Question 79

important for out of season pregnancy rates

Answer 79

reintroduction

Question 80

have been effective at inducing estrus in females as well as increasing testicular size and sexual activity in males.

Answer 80

melatonin treatment

Question 81

common practice which is a vasectomized male, prior to breeding as females tend to be more fertile the second cycle after introduction to males

Answer 81

"teaser" ram or billy

Question 82

most permanent solution

Answer 82

genetic selection for out of season reproductive capability

Question 83

critically important to the success of out of season mating.

Answer 83

female nutritional status

Question 84

ewes that are too fat are also at major risk for

Answer 84

pregnancy toxemia

Question 85

over-fed ewes during the first trimester can experience embryonic loss during the final trimester can also have a very large fetuses that can result

Answer 85

dystocia

Question 86

during the third trimester it is very important for lamb and kid survival due to their importance in normal metabolic and immunological functions

Answer 86

proper dietary vitamin and mineral balance

Question 87

major issue for most sheep an goat producers in the world

Answer 87

internal parasite

Question 88

helps with internal parasite control because the periparturient rise in parasites occurs when the parasite cannot complete its lifecycle outside of the animals

Answer 88

out-of-season lambing and kidding

Question 89

method to determine pregnancy and the number of fetuses

Answer 89

ultrasound

Question 90

ideal time period to ultrasound ewes and does for pregnancy

Answer 90

between 50- and 90- days gestation

Question 91

another option to determine pregnancy.

Answer 91

blood test for pregnancy specific PROTEIN-B

Question 92

allows farmers to better supply the appropriate nutritional support to pregnant versus open females

Answer 92

pregnancy determination

Question 93

ewes entirely prior to lambing. this provides a much more sanitary environment for lambing as fluid pastures are often used to keep replacements

Answer 93

shearing and crutching

Question 94

allows for a cleaner lambing environment while still offering protection to the ewe from harsh weather.

Answer 94

crutching

Question 95

result in a cleaner wool clip and will also stimulate the appetite of the ewe. which is beneficial during late gestation and lactation

Answer 95

shearing

Question 96

most susceptible to death and loss

Answer 96

neonates

Question 97

is the practice of having ewes or does give birth outside of a confined facility or paddock without continual human supervision

Answer 97

range lambing/kidding

Question 98

allows protection from the elements and predators.

Answer 98

shed lambing/kidding

Question 99

allows for better record keeping and productivity of dams and offspring can be easily quantified.

Answer 99

shed lambing/kidding

Question 100

machines that have been developed that are very effective at rearing large numbers of lambs or kids with limited labor resources

Answer 100

automated milking machines

Question 101

separation of offspring from dam, is done to eliminate its dependence on its mothers milk or companionship and shift to a forage.

Answer 101

weaning

Question 102

practice of offering grain to lambs/kids that have not yet been weaned, can help the eventual transition off of milk to post-weaning diet and can reduce stress at weaning time.

Answer 102

creep feeding

Question 103

dam is limited to only a few days pre and post weaning

Answer 103

dry up