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Ruminant Production and Herd Health Management > Module 4: MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK IN SHEEP AND GOATS > Flashcards

Module 4: MANAGEMENT OF BREEDING STOCK IN SHEEP AND GOATS Flashcards

1
Q

source that’s accepted by a multitude of cultures and religions has room for tremendous growth and the ever-expanding global diet and wardrobe

A

protein and fiber

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2
Q

how the greatest potential for advancement in reproductive efficiency

A

sheep and goats

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3
Q

define as being slow input in often utilizing larger tracts of land

A

extensive production

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4
Q

will generate larger lamb and kid crops but at an added production cost

A

intensive operations

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5
Q

generally occurs in a facility or small paddock and under daily management.

A

lambing or kidding

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6
Q

is typically more precise and intensive management and often includes pedigree health performance information and dates for breeding lambing or teething and winning on individual animals

A

record keeping

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7
Q

record keeping is typically more precise and intensive management and often includes

A

*pedigree
*health
*performance information
*dates for breeding lambing kidding
*weaning on individual animals

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8
Q

are typically higher in intensive operations but the adoption of technology to improve efficiency is also more prevalent and the system

A

labor outputs

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9
Q

usually focuses on groups of animals as opposed to the individual

A

extensive production

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10
Q

ewes or nannies often given birth outside and under limited supervision

A

extensive system

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11
Q

four main breeding system commonly employed in the goat and sheep industry

A
  1. hand mating
  2. pen breeding
  3. artificial insemination
  4. out of season breeding
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12
Q

this method involves selecting the buck/ram for the doe/ewe and mating them. this method has the advantage of allowing the exact breeding date to be recorded.

A

hand mating

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13
Q

the buck/ram is put in a pen of does/ewes to facilitate their mating. this method relies on the male to detect females in heat. it significantly less labor-intensive when compared to hand breeding

A

open breeding

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14
Q

offers the advantage of introducing superior genetics cost-effectively. there are a limited number of technicians with small ruminant ai experience

A

artificial insemination

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15
Q

the most reliable though costly, method involves using artificial lighting.

A

out of season breeding

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16
Q

alternate forms of production are

A

opportunistic and accelerated schemes

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17
Q

various factors that determine when how often operation choose to lamb or kid.

A
  • available labor
  • breed
  • seasonality
  • available forage
  • targeted market
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18
Q

once-a-year mating is the most common practice in sheep and goat production

A

annual

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19
Q

can be best described as bucks or billies being with females year-round

A

opportunistic

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20
Q

two most common accelerated programs are the

A

8 month and STAR

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21
Q

is the simpler of the two methods described. there is a predetermined schedule of joining males woth females twice during a more natural breeding season and once during the seasonal period

A

8 month accelerated cycle

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22
Q

energy demands on the female to reproduce one time i year is manageable and can easily coincide with fiber or milk production to be profitable

A

benefit of annual production

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23
Q

there is downtime between weaning and breeding where the female is not in production

A

drawback

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24
Q

to ensure prevention of production losses due to infertility, a breeding soundness exam should be performed on the male

A

30 to 60 days prior to the breeding season

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25
Q

evaluation should include a

A
  • physical exam
  • reproductive tract exam
  • semen analysis
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26
Q

occurs just prior to the best available feed resources for the female as she begins a period of high energy demands during lactation

A

birthing

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27
Q

two most common accelerated programs at the 8 month and star programs which are

A

three lambings/kiddings or five lambings/kiddings in three years

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28
Q

that lambs and kids are available to be marketed year-round and facilities and labor resources can be maximized

A

benefits of accelerated production

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29
Q

is the simpler of the two methods described. there is a predetermined schedule of joining males with females twice during a more natural breeding season and once during the a seasonal period

A

eight-month accelerated cycle

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30
Q

may consist of a short one cycle window which would allow approximately 90 days of for lactation and rebreeding to occur

A

breeding

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31
Q

this method is a slightly more demanding on the ewes with the maximum number of births per ewe per year of 1.67 versus 1.5 in an month cycle.

A

Star Method

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32
Q

paramount a profitable sheep or goat enterprise and though several tools exist to improve performance

A

reproduction

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33
Q

breeders enter data into the program and EBV’s are calculated off individual animal performance and its pedigree

A

sheep and goat

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34
Q

is the percentage pf lambs produced compared to the number of ewes or does exposed to males

A

lamb crop

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35
Q

is often the measuring stick for the annual success of an operation, but may be impacted by many other factors than simply reproduction

A

lamb crop

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36
Q

generated within contemporary groups as a way of eliminating environmental factors

A

EBVs

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37
Q

have the potential to have significantly greater number of offspring than a single ewe.

A

rams

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38
Q

animals ability to reproduce is referred to as

A

fertility

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39
Q

the number of off spring an animal produces as a result of a mating

A

fecundity

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40
Q

animals that tend to be more fertile also tend to be more

A

prolific and vice versa

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41
Q

have larger testicular circumference tend to produce daughters that come into estrus earlier in life

A

rams and billies

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42
Q

perhaps the most effective way to improve the economic output of aa operation

A

increasing prolificacy

43
Q

impact prolificacy reduce the likelihood that sole selection on actual birth rate will result in significant improvement in overall lamb ot kid crop

A

non genetic factors

44
Q

the effect of heterosis

A

increase fertility

45
Q

was the first gene identified that is related to fecundity in sheep

A

FecB mutation to BMPR-1B

46
Q

lambing rate and lamb survival independent of using highly fertile breeds. what are these breed?

A

F1 Rambouillet (1.5 lambs per ewe)
Finnsheep (2.5 lambs per ewe)

47
Q

increases rate by 100% and two copies increase lambing rate by 200% or more

A

FecB allele

48
Q

gene mutations have since been discovered to affect prolificacy, mostly involving the

A

BMP15 gene

49
Q

imperative for a female to become pregnant and to raise her offspring

A

proper body condition

50
Q

if any residual knots or abcesses exist that indicate mastitis was present in a prior lactation, the female should be considered for?

A

culling

51
Q

particularly important to both meat and dairy production

A

udder quality

52
Q

it should be advised to follow labeling instructions carefully as administering an injection of certain vaccines too close to pregnancy can result

A

embryonic mortality

53
Q

needed during gestation to control aborting agents when a vaccine is not available or is not fully effective

A

oral or injectable antibiotics

54
Q

is general term for increasing plane of nutrition to females for 2-6 weeks prior to breeding.

A

flushing

55
Q

can increase ovulation and subsequent embryonic survival

A

flushing

56
Q

when is the continuing to flush of ewes or does?

A

2-4 weeks after fertilization

57
Q

it is recommended to ensure fertility, structural soundness and overall health of the male

A

Breeding Soundness Exam (BSE)

58
Q

sign of enlargement of the epididymis

A

OVINE EPIDIDYMITIS from a Brucella Ovis infection

59
Q

another common cause of testicular or epididymal swelling

A

injury

60
Q

should be performed during a BSE, with a minimum threshold recommendation of 30 cm circumference for young rams and 33cm for mature bucks

A

testicular measurements

61
Q

is highly correlated with semen production and fertility

A

testicular size

62
Q

is highly correlated with semen production and fertility

A

testicular size

63
Q

rams or billies that are too thin in body condition may have

A

decreased fertility and low breeding stamina

64
Q

those ram and billies who are too heavily conditioned

A

may lack vigor and libido to mate

65
Q

should be collected and evaluated for sperm motility and morphology

A

semen sample

66
Q

collection of semen may be performed using an?

A

artificial vagina or electro-ejaculator

67
Q

tend to be more lethargic from the extra weight and lowered ability to dissipate heat

A

males in full fleece

68
Q

is also cleaner as uring and semen do not become entrapped by the wool around the prepuce which can HARBOR PATHOGENS and PHYSICAL OBSTRUCTIONS

A

shorter fleece

69
Q

breeding window should be set approximately

A

5 months from the desired time of parturition

70
Q

one male per breeding group of females, ensures that a mating results in offspring with a desired pedigree.

A

single sire

71
Q

lack of competition can decrease libido in some rams and bucks, which may result;

A

lower flock/herd pregnancy rate

72
Q

generally results in a greater pregnancy rate.

A

multi-sire mating

73
Q

allows for multiple sire mating groups to be used and pedigree of the offspring can still be determined

A

genetic testing

74
Q

estrous cycle of ewes lasts

A

17 days and 21 days for the doe

75
Q

generally are seasonally polyestrous, short day breeders.

A

sheep and goat

76
Q

one strategy to capture a higher value for offspring

A

aseasonality or breeding out of season

77
Q

common methods to supply progesterone to sheep and goats

A

controlled intravaginal drug releasing (CIDR)

78
Q

exogenous progesterone supplementation to induce the onset of estrus

A

prostaglandin F2-alpha

79
Q

important for out of season pregnancy rates

A

reintroduction

80
Q

have been effective at inducing estrus in females as well as increasing testicular size and sexual activity in males.

A

melatonin treatment

81
Q

common practice which is a vasectomized male, prior to breeding as females tend to be more fertile the second cycle after introduction to males

A

“teaser” ram or billy

82
Q

most permanent solution

A

genetic selection for out of season reproductive capability

83
Q

critically important to the success of out of season mating.

A

female nutritional status

84
Q

ewes that are too fat are also at major risk for

A

pregnancy toxemia

85
Q

over-fed ewes during the first trimester can experience embryonic loss during the final trimester can also have a very large fetuses that can result

A

dystocia

86
Q

during the third trimester it is very important for lamb and kid survival due to their importance in normal metabolic and immunological functions

A

proper dietary vitamin and mineral balance

87
Q

major issue for most sheep an goat producers in the world

A

internal parasite

88
Q

helps with internal parasite control because the periparturient rise in parasites occurs when the parasite cannot complete its lifecycle outside of the animals

A

out-of-season lambing and kidding

89
Q

method to determine pregnancy and the number of fetuses

A

ultrasound

90
Q

ideal time period to ultrasound ewes and does for pregnancy

A

between 50- and 90- days gestation

91
Q

another option to determine pregnancy.

A

blood test for pregnancy specific PROTEIN-B

92
Q

allows farmers to better supply the appropriate nutritional support to pregnant versus open females

A

pregnancy determination

93
Q

ewes entirely prior to lambing. this provides a much more sanitary environment for lambing as fluid pastures are often used to keep replacements

A

shearing and crutching

94
Q

allows for a cleaner lambing environment while still offering protection to the ewe from harsh weather.

A

crutching

95
Q

result in a cleaner wool clip and will also stimulate the appetite of the ewe. which is beneficial during late gestation and lactation

A

shearing

96
Q

most susceptible to death and loss

A

neonates

97
Q

is the practice of having ewes or does give birth outside of a confined facility or paddock without continual human supervision

A

range lambing/kidding

98
Q

allows protection from the elements and predators.

A

shed lambing/kidding

99
Q

allows for better record keeping and productivity of dams and offspring can be easily quantified.

A

shed lambing/kidding

100
Q

machines that have been developed that are very effective at rearing large numbers of lambs or kids with limited labor resources

A

automated milking machines

101
Q

separation of offspring from dam, is done to eliminate its dependence on its mothers milk or companionship and shift to a forage.

A

weaning

102
Q

practice of offering grain to lambs/kids that have not yet been weaned, can help the eventual transition off of milk to post-weaning diet and can reduce stress at weaning time.

A

creep feeding

103
Q

dam is limited to only a few days pre and post weaning

A

dry up

Ruminant Production and Herd Health Management (7 decks)

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