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Health and Healing Peds > Module 6: Endocrine > Flashcards

Module 6: Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

A

A chronic disease involving abnormal insulin production or utilization, leading to hyperglycemia.

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2
Q

What are the two main types of diabetes?

A

Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.

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3
Q

What are the classic symptoms of Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, weight loss, and fatigue.

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4
Q

What causes Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas, genetic predisposition, and viral exposure.

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5
Q

What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A

A life-threatening condition in Type 1 Diabetes due to insulin deficiency, leading to metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances.

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6
Q

What is Type 2 Diabetes?

A

A condition where the body develops insulin resistance, often associated with obesity and aging.

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7
Q

What are the risk factors for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Obesity, genetics, sedentary lifestyle, and ethnic background (e.g., Aboriginal, Hispanic).

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8
Q

What is insulin resistance?

A

When body tissues do not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood glucose.

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9
Q

What is the role of adipokines in Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Adipokines like adiponectin and leptin affect glucose and fat metabolism, contributing to insulin resistance.

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10
Q

What are the diagnostic tests for Diabetes Mellitus?

A

Hemoglobin A1C ≥6.5%, fasting plasma glucose ≥7 mmol/L, and oral glucose tolerance test ≥11.1 mmol/L.

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11
Q

What is the A1C goal for diabetics?

A

Less than 7.0% to reduce risks of complications like retinopathy and nephropathy.

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12
Q

What is the importance of patient education in diabetes management?

A

Helps with self-monitoring, diet, exercise, and understanding medication therapy.

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13
Q

What are common medications for Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Metformin, sulfonylureas (e.g., Glyburide), and thiazolidinediones (e.g., Rosiglitazone).

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14
Q

What is the treatment for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Insulin therapy is essential, with different insulin types like rapid-acting (Lispro) and long-acting (Ultralente).

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15
Q

How does insulin therapy work?

A

Insulin is injected to replace or supplement the insulin that the body cannot produce.

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16
Q

What is the sliding scale insulin regimen?

A

A method used in hospitals where insulin doses are adjusted based on blood glucose levels.

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17
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia?

A

Trembling, headache, cold sweats, confusion, and even seizures.

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18
Q

How is hypoglycemia treated?

A

Mild: snack with starch
Moderate: 1-2 starches
Severe: Glucagon or D50W.

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19
Q

What causes Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?

A

Insufficient insulin during periods of stress or illness, leading to fat breakdown and ketone production.

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20
Q

What are the signs of DKA?

A

Hyperglycemia, ketonuria, acidosis, dehydration, and Kussmaul’s respirations (deep breathing).

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21
Q

What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?

A

A severe complication of Type 2 Diabetes, with extremely high blood sugar and dehydration but no ketones.

22
Q

What is the treatment for DKA?

A

IV fluids (e.g., 0.9% NaCl), insulin infusion, and electrolyte monitoring.

23
Q

What are the sick-day guidelines for diabetes?

A

Continue insulin, stay hydrated with sugar-free fluids, and monitor blood sugar and ketones regularly.

24
Q

What is the role of exercise in diabetes management?

A

Exercise helps decrease blood sugar by utilizing carbohydrates and enhancing insulin action.

25
Q

What is a common pediatric complication of diabetes?

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a common emergency in children with undiagnosed diabetes.

26
Q

What is the most prevalent form of diabetes?

A

Type 2 Diabetes is the most common, especially in individuals over 35 years old.

27
Q

What is the role of diet in managing Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Controlling caloric intake, reducing fats, and balancing meals to regulate blood sugar and lipids.

28
Q

What are the long-term complications of diabetes?

A

Microvascular complications: retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy.

Macrovascular complications: heart disease and stroke.

29
Q

What is the significance of the Hemoglobin A1C test?

A

It reflects average blood glucose levels over the past 2-3 months and helps in assessing long-term diabetes control.

30
Q

What are common diagnostic symptoms of Type 2 Diabetes?

A

Fatigue, recurrent infections, prolonged wound healing, and visual changes.

31
Q

What is the risk of untreated metabolic syndrome?

A

Increased risk of Type 2 Diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and stroke.

32
Q

What is the primary role of insulin in diabetes?

A

Insulin helps regulate blood glucose by allowing glucose to enter cells for energy or storage.

33
Q

What are some examples of insulin preparations for Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Lispro (rapid-acting)
Regular (short-acting)
NPH (intermediate-acting)
Ultralente (long-acting).

34
Q

What are common risk factors for gestational diabetes?

A

Obesity, advanced maternal age, family history of diabetes, and certain ethnic backgrounds.

35
Q

How is gestational diabetes managed?

A

Through lifestyle changes, including diet and exercise, and in some cases, insulin therapy.

36
Q

What is a common side effect of insulin therapy?

A

Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) is a common side effect if insulin doses are too high.

37
Q

How does hyperglycemia affect the kidneys?

A

It can lead to diabetic nephropathy, a major cause of end-stage renal disease in diabetics.

38
Q

What is the significance of regular eye exams for diabetics?

A

Helps detect diabetic retinopathy early, preventing vision loss.

39
Q

What is the recommended exercise for diabetes management?

A

A combination of aerobic exercise and strength training helps improve insulin sensitivity and manage weight.

40
Q

What is the goal of intensive insulin therapy (ITT)?

A

ITT mimics the pancreas by using multiple insulin injections throughout the day to maintain near-normal blood glucose levels, especially in Type 1 Diabetes.

41
Q

What is an insulin pump used for?

A

An insulin pump provides continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, requiring carbohydrate counting and regular blood glucose checks.

42
Q

What are common signs of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Blurred vision, floaters, and in advanced stages, blindness.

43
Q

What is the significance of the 24-hour urine test for diabetics?

A

It helps assess kidney function, with a focus on detecting early signs of nephropathy.

44
Q

What are the clinical signs of diabetic neuropathy?

A

Numbness, tingling, pain in the feet or hands, and loss of sensation.

45
Q

What is the role of dietary fiber in managing Type 2 Diabetes?

A

High-fiber diets help regulate blood sugar by slowing glucose absorption.

46
Q

What are the main objectives of diabetes treatment?

A

Control blood sugar, prevent complications, improve quality of life, and minimize acute symptoms.

47
Q

What is diabetic nephropathy?

A

Kidney damage resulting from prolonged high blood glucose, often leading to end-stage renal disease.

48
Q

What is diabetic foot care important?

A

Diabetic neuropathy can cause loss of sensation, increasing the risk of unnoticed injuries that can lead to infections and amputations.

49
Q

What are signs of metabolic syndrome?

A

Central obesity, hypertension, high triglycerides, low HDL cholesterol, and elevated blood glucose.

50
Q

What is a common pediatric consideration in Type 1 Diabetes?

A

Children may experience rapid onset of symptoms, with DKA being a common first presentation.

Health and Healing Peds (6 decks)

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