Module 2: Child and Growth Development Flashcards
What is growth?
Quantitive change such as height or weight
What is development?
Qualitative change
What is percentile growth
A statistical representation of 100 children and their placement within the 100 members of the comparison group
If baby is in the 40th percentile for weight what does that mean?
40% of babies weigh the same or less than this baby
60% weigh more
What are predictable patterns of growth and development
Continuous, orderly, and progressive
How is the development pattern?
Doesn’t occur in the same area/pace. Once a skill has been achieved then the focus will shift to another area
How is the growth pattern?
Continuous, orderly and predictable
Periods ofd acceleration and periods of slowing down
Periods of growth as child ages
Infancy - very rapid
Preschool to puberty - slows down
Puberty - becomes rapid again
Post-Puberty - slows down
What are factors influencing growth?
Parents height
Nutrition
Gender (girls go thru puberty faster)
Disease/Disorders
Environment (hazards, climates)
What is the largest influence of growth and what can it diminish
Nutrition
Malnutrition can diminish height, weight, and IQ
What are the 5 stages of Erikson’s Life Span Approach to personality development?
Trust VS Mistrust
Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt
Initiative VS Guilt
Industry VS Inferiority
Identity VS Role Confusion
Trust VS Mistrust
birth - 1year
Healthy personality = trust
mistrust develops when trusting promoting experiences are inconsistent
Autonomy VS Shame/Doubt
Toddlers (1-3 years)
They discover and learn how to control their bodies at this age
If the continuously fail they start to feel shame and doubt
Initiative VS Guilt
Preschool (3-6 years old)
Exploring the outside world
If exploration is effective they learn to deal in more constructive ways creating initiative
If continuously being critiqued they feel guilty
Industry VS Inferiority
6 -12 years old
Want achievements at this age
Feeling of inadequately and inferiority develop if there are too many expectations
Identity VS Role Confusion
Adolescents (12-18)
Want one constant identity
If child fails to do this it results in role confusion
Nursing Implications for Infants
Regression may occur during hospitalization
Avoid separation anxiety
Try to have parents involved to develop a sense of trust
Nursing Implications for Toddlers
Simple brief explanations
Avoid separation anxiety
Security objects should be provided
Respect Childs routines
Guided choices
Nursing Implication for Preschoolers
Explain procedures aren’t punishments
Answer questions appropriately for age
Therapeutic play or medical play allows children to act out their experience
Use band-aids
Nursing Implication for Adolescents
Maintain contact for school and peers
Share a room with another adolescent
Understand treatment may alter their body image
Include teaching without parents there
Allow them to maintain identity (posters)
Focus on present only
What is cognition?
Mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and understanding through experiences and the senses
What is cognitive development?
Ability to think, reason and understand
What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?
Examined how children’s thought process changed with age
Theory stated children go through stages of mental development gradually
Stage 1 - Piagets theory
Birth - 2 years
Conduct understandings through senses with motor actions
They begin having a memory, problem solving, symbolic abilities and realize they’re different from inanimate objects
Stage 2 - Piagets theory
2 - 7 years old
Plays pretend and role plays
Everything is about themselves (egocentric)
2 sub stages
2-4 years old: uses symbols to stand for actions, speech is egocentric
4-7 years old: speech is more social less egocentric
Stage 3 - Piagets theory
7-12 years old
Develop logical reasoning
Begins to understand feelings of others
Stage 4 - Piagets theory
12 + years old
Think more rationally
Deeper understanding of own identity
Makes comparisons and comes to agreements
What are major stressors for children
Separation from family
Loss of control
Body injury or pain
Separation stressor and its 3 phases?
Middle infancy to preschool
1. Protest: crying, screaming, unconsolable
2. Despair: lacks interest, regression, crying stops
3. Detachment: accepted loss, occurs in prolonged separation
Loss of control, stressor
Hospital decreases control by overruling routines, sounds may be overstimulating and can slow down Childs development
Impact of loss of control in hospital for Infant
Daily routines may lead to mistrust and decreased sense of control
Impact of loss of control in hospital for Toddler
Can contribute to regression, negativity, temper tantrums
Impact of loss of control in hospital for Preschoolers
May view hospital as punishment
may interpret messages according to past experiences
Impact of loss of control in hospital for school age
Fear of death or abandonment
Bored in the hospital
They want independence so hospital gives them less control
Impact of loss of control in hospital for adolescents
Threat to sense of identity
Rejection or anger
Separation from peers
Body injury or pain, stressor
Common fear
May persist into adulthood causing avoidance of needed care
