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Health and Healing Peds > Module 4: Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Module 4: Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two types of cardiac disorders?

A
  1. Congenital heart disease (anatomic defects present at birth)
  2. Acquired heart disorders (develop after birth due to infection, autoimmune response, environmental, or familial factors)​
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1
Q

What is the most common congenital heart defect?

A

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

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2
Q

Define atrial septal defect (ASD)

A

An abnormal opening between the atria, allowing left-to-right shunting of blood, potentially causing HF and atrial dysrhythmias​

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3
Q

What are the four main types of congenital heart defects classified by blood flow?

A
  1. Increased pulmonary blood flow
  2. Decreased pulmonary blood flow
  3. Obstructive defects
  4. Mixed blood flow​
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4
Q

What are the primary symptoms of heart failure in children?

A

Impaired myocardial function: tachycardia, fatigue, decreased urinary output

Pulmonary congestion: tachypnea, cyanosis
Systemic venous congestion: weight gain, hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)

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5
Q

What congenital heart defect is associated with cyanotic “tet spells”?

A

Tetralogy of Fallot​ (defect that changes the way blood flows to the heart and lungs)

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6
Q

What are the clinical signs of coarctation of the aorta (CoA)?

A

High BP and bounding pulses in the arms, weak femoral pulses, and cool lower extremities​

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7
Q

What are two physiological responses to chronic hypoxemia?

A

Polycythemia (over production of RBC) and clubbing​ (swollen finger tips or toes)

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8
Q

Name a major risk of untreated Kawasaki disease.

A

Coronary artery aneurysm​

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9
Q

What is the main treatment goal for heart failure in children?

A

Improve cardiac function, remove fluid and sodium, decrease cardiac demands, and improve oxygenation​

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10
Q

What is ventricular septal defect (VSD)

A

An opening between the ventricles that can cause heart failure. Many close spontaneously​

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11
Q

What is patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

A

The ductus arteriosus fails to close, causing left-to-right shunting of blood from the aorta to the pulmonary artery​

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12
Q

What are obstructive defects?

A

Blood flow is restricted due to stenosis, causing increased pressure before the obstruction​

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13
Q

Define aortic stenosis (AS).

A

Narrowing of the aortic valve, leading to left ventricular hypertrophy and decreased cardiac output​

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14
Q

What is pulmonic stenosis (PS)?

A

Narrowing at the pulmonary artery entrance, causing right ventricular hypertrophy and decreased pulmonary blood flow​

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15
Q

What is the hallmark of cyanotic heart defects?

A

Decreased pulmonary blood flow with right-to-left shunting, leading to hypoxemia and cyanosis​

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16
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A

Absence of the tricuspid valve, with blood flowing through an ASD or foramen ovale​

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17
Q

What characterizes mixed blood flow defects?

A

Mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, leading to desaturation and pulmonary congestion​

18
Q

What is total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC)?

A

Pulmonary veins connect to the right atrium instead of the left, causing mixed blood flow​

19
Q

Define heart failure (HF) in children.

A

The heart is unable to pump adequate blood into systemic circulation​

20
Q

List symptoms of right-sided HF.

A

Weight gain, hepatomegaly (ENLARGED LIVER), peripheral edema, neck vein distention

21
Q

List symptoms of left-sided HF.

A

Tachypnea, dyspnea, orthopnea, cyanosis, pulmonary congestion​

22
Q

What is bacterial endocarditis?

A

Infection of the heart lining, often requiring prophylactic antibiotics​

23
Q

What is rheumatic fever (RF)?

A

Inflammatory disease following group A streptococcal infection, potentially causing rheumatic heart disease (RHD)

24
Q

How is Rheumatic Fever (RF) treated?

A

Penicillin, anti-inflammatory drugs, and bed rest during acute phases​

25
Q

What is hyperlipidemia?

A

High cholesterol levels; treated with diet changes and possibly medications​

26
Q

What is cardiomyopathy?

A

Disease of the heart muscle impairing contraction; includes dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive types​

27
Q

Name a common cause of systemic hypertension in children.

A

Secondary to renal, cardiovascular, endocrine, or neurological conditions​

28
Q

What is Kawasaki disease?

A

Acute vasculitis in children under 5, increasing risk of coronary artery aneurysm​

29
Q

What is the first priority in managing septic shock?

A

Early identification and multidisciplinary collaboration​

30
Q

What circulatory changes occur at birth?

A

The foramen ovale closes when left atrial pressure exceeds right atrial pressure, and the ductus arteriosus closes with increased oxygen levels

31
Q

What diagnostic tools are used for cardiovascular dysfunction?

A

ECG, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization

32
Q

What are the nursing care priorities post-cardiac catheterization?

A

Monitor vital signs, check dressings, assess fluid intake, and monitor blood glucose levels​

33
Q

What are signs of pulmonary artery hypertension?

A

Dyspnea with exercise, chest pain, and syncope​

34
Q

What are common symptoms of systemic venous congestion in HF?

A

Weight gain, hepatomegaly, peripheral edema, ascites (excess fluid in abdomen), and neck vein distention​

35
Q

How are congenital heart defects classified hemodynamically?

A

By blood flow: increased, decreased, obstructive, or mixed​

36
Q

What is transposition of the great arteries (TGA)?

A

The pulmonary artery and aorta are switched, requiring septal defects for blood mixing​

37
Q

What is truncus arteriosus?

A

A single vessel overrides both ventricles, leading to mixed blood flow and hypoxemia​

38
Q

What is hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS)?

A

Underdeveloped left heart structures, with blood flow reliant on a patent ductus arteriosus​

39
Q

What is the clinical significance of “tet spells”?

A

They are acute cyanotic episodes in children with Tetralogy of Fallot​

40
Q

How is hypoxemia managed therapeutically?

A

Knee-chest position, oxygen therapy, and medications​

41
Q

How is shock classified?

A

Hypovolemic, distributive, and cardiogenic​

42
Q

What are the stages of septic shock?

A

Compensated, decompensated, and irreversible (terminal)​

43
Q

What are the three categories of cardiomyopathy?

A

Dilated, hypertrophic, and restrictive​

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