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ISCI 360 > Module 6: Carbon Emissions/Shipping Industry > Flashcards

Module 6: Carbon Emissions/Shipping Industry Flashcards

1
Q

design thinking (2)

A
  • a process for solving problems by prioritizing the consumer’s needs above all else
  • no interest on sustainability or costs
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2
Q

what are the pillars of design thinking (3)

A
  • business (viability)
  • people (desirability)
  • technology (feasibility)
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3
Q

what is the history of a retail product (5)

A
  • manufacturing
  • freight/shipping
  • warehouse
  • distribution/delivery
  • retail
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4
Q

why is it so common to use cargo ships for the fright/shipping of products

A
  • cheapest form of transport for bulk amounts of things
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5
Q

how much of global trade is moved by shipping

A
  • 80% of global trade
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6
Q

what are the maritime transportation emissions (3)

A
  • 3% of global CO2 emissions
  • 15% of global NOx emissions
  • 13% of global SOx emission
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7
Q

how are the carbon emissions of maritime transportation suppose to change

A
  • from 3% to 17% of CO2 emissions by 2050
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8
Q

sources of air pollutants, GHG emissions, soil pollution, and water pollution (3)

A
  • residential
  • industrial
  • transportation
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9
Q

characteristics of air pollutants

A
  • location dependent
  • short term impact
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10
Q

characteristics of GHG emissions

A
  • not location dependent
  • long term impact
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11
Q

is CO2 a GHG emission or an air pollutant?

A
  • GHG emission
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12
Q

what are the effects of air pollutants (4)

A
  • human health
  • property
  • crop yield losses
  • acidification
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13
Q

what are the effects of GHG emissions (2)

A
  • global warming
  • climate change
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14
Q

standard unit of measurement for oil weight (2)

A
  • API gravity
  • measures oil density
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15
Q

heavy oil (3)

A
  • evaporates slowly
  • contains material that will be used to make heavy products
  • lower API
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16
Q

light oil (3)

A
  • requires less processing
  • produces greater percentage of gasoline and diesel
  • higher API
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17
Q

what kind of oil do cargo ships use (2)

A
  • use heavy fuel for mobility
  • often leftover oil from processing/refining of other oils
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18
Q

why do cargo ships use heavy oil (2)

A
  • the oil is crude, not refined, and unwanted
  • it is very cheap to purchase
19
Q

what must be done for the heavy oil to be used in ships (2)

A
  • it must be heated up to move from refinery into ships
  • it must be heated up to be used as fuel
20
Q

why are heavy oil spills so dangerous (3)

A
  • so dense that it can act as a blanket on top of the ocean water during spills
  • aquatic organisms cannot escape the water due density
  • more toxic than light oil
21
Q

regulations on Antarctic waters (3)

A
  • protected by stringent regulations
  • ban on heavy oil fuel
  • no cargo moves through the turbulent southern waters
22
Q

regulations on Arctic waters (3)

A
  • looser regulations than on Antarctic waters
  • UN approved a ban on the use of heavy fuel oil and its carriage for use by ships in Arctic waters in 2024
  • complete ban effective in 2029 due to series of exemptions and waivers
23
Q

why is an oil spill in arctic waters especially problematic (3)

A
  • capacity for rapid spill response is limited due to limited marine traffic and infrastructure
  • lots of cold and ice in marine environment
  • complex and fragile environment
24
Q

who does the ban on heavy fuel oils in the Arctic impact the most? (2)

A
  • socio-economic impacts on Arctic communities (many Indigenous and Inuit communities in Canada)
  • increase shipping costs for mining operations in the Canadian Arctic and grain
25
Q

how are Arctic communities affected socio-economically from the heavy fuel oil ban (3)

A
  • higher food costs, fuel, and other goods
  • result of higher marine shipping costs
  • most depend vitally on marine shipping for community resupply needs
26
Q

how is global warming affecting the shipping routes (2)

A
  • glacier melts and ice breakers more shipping friendly routes available
  • glacier melting is releasing stored carbon (GHG emissions) and rising sea levels
27
Q

glacial melting feedback loop (4)

A
  • glacial melting releases stored GHG emissions into the atmosphere
  • GHG emissions contributes to more global warming
  • more glacial melting occurs
  • positive feedback loop
28
Q

who benefits most from shipping in arctic routes (3)

A
  • benefits first world countries most
  • routes connect Europe, North America and Asia with shorter routes and reduced costs
  • shortened time of shipping is economically desirable
29
Q

what are the disadvantages of shipping in arctic routes (3)

A
  • impact indigenous hunting and communities
  • increased emissions from glacial obstacles despite the shortened route
  • only open during summer when ice is more melted
30
Q

who does all the banning of fossil fuels (3)

A
  • policy making bodies: governments at various levels
  • law makers: legislative branches
  • interpret laws and regulations: judiciary system
31
Q

Paris Climate Agreement (2)

A
  • one of the most important climate change treaties
  • goal to reduce and prevent effects of climate change
32
Q

Paris Climate Agreement’s long-term temperature goal (3)

A
  • keep the rise in global temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels
  • preferably limit increase to 1.5°C
  • be at net zero emissions by 2050
33
Q

why is it so important to stay below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (2)

A
  • past 2°C will be past the tipping point
  • will result in irreversible climate change and damage
34
Q

territorial definitions: full sovereignty

A
  • territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles from the coast
35
Q

territorial definitions: exclusive economic zone

A
  • 200 nautical miles beyond territorial sea of a nation’s coastline
36
Q

International Maritime Organization (IMO) (3)

A
  • a specialized agency of the United Nations
  • global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping
  • consensus based organization
37
Q

flag of convenience ship

A
  • a ship that flies the flag of a country other than the country of ownership
38
Q

advantages to flag of convenience ships (4)

A
  • minimal regulation
  • cheap registration fees
  • low or no taxes
  • freedom to employ cheap labour from the global labour market
39
Q

why are territorial definitions important: air pollution (2)

A
  • air pollution disproportionately impacts coastal communities
  • exclusive rights and bans can help mitigate pollution
40
Q

Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (3)

A
  • principle formalized by UN
  • acknowledges that all states have shared obligation to address environmental destruction
  • denies equal responsibility of all states with regard to environmental protection
41
Q

IMO provision: no more favorable treatment (2)

A
  • encourage governments to inspect foreign ships that visit their ports to ensure that they meet IMO standards
  • if standards aren’t met, they can be delayed or detained until repairs are carried out/standards are met
42
Q

why may member state representatives be against environmental regulations (3)

A
  • increased costs to end buyers
  • registration fees for the island nations could be reduced
  • increased fuel costs
43
Q

IMO GHG Strategy: climate targets for international shipping (2)

A
  • 2030 target: at least 40% reduction in carbon intensity compared
    to 2008
  • 2050 target: at least 50% reduction in total annual GHG emissions
    compared to 2008

ISCI 360 (11 decks)

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