Module 6: Carbon Emissions/Shipping Industry Flashcards
design thinking (2)
- a process for solving problems by prioritizing the consumer’s needs above all else
- no interest on sustainability or costs
what are the pillars of design thinking (3)
- business (viability)
- people (desirability)
- technology (feasibility)
what is the history of a retail product (5)
- manufacturing
- freight/shipping
- warehouse
- distribution/delivery
- retail
why is it so common to use cargo ships for the fright/shipping of products
- cheapest form of transport for bulk amounts of things
how much of global trade is moved by shipping
- 80% of global trade
what are the maritime transportation emissions (3)
- 3% of global CO2 emissions
- 15% of global NOx emissions
- 13% of global SOx emission
how are the carbon emissions of maritime transportation suppose to change
- from 3% to 17% of CO2 emissions by 2050
sources of air pollutants, GHG emissions, soil pollution, and water pollution (3)
- residential
- industrial
- transportation
characteristics of air pollutants
- location dependent
- short term impact
characteristics of GHG emissions
- not location dependent
- long term impact
is CO2 a GHG emission or an air pollutant?
- GHG emission
what are the effects of air pollutants (4)
- human health
- property
- crop yield losses
- acidification
what are the effects of GHG emissions (2)
- global warming
- climate change
standard unit of measurement for oil weight (2)
- API gravity
- measures oil density
heavy oil (3)
- evaporates slowly
- contains material that will be used to make heavy products
- lower API
light oil (3)
- requires less processing
- produces greater percentage of gasoline and diesel
- higher API
what kind of oil do cargo ships use (2)
- use heavy fuel for mobility
- often leftover oil from processing/refining of other oils
why do cargo ships use heavy oil (2)
- the oil is crude, not refined, and unwanted
- it is very cheap to purchase
what must be done for the heavy oil to be used in ships (2)
- it must be heated up to move from refinery into ships
- it must be heated up to be used as fuel
why are heavy oil spills so dangerous (3)
- so dense that it can act as a blanket on top of the ocean water during spills
- aquatic organisms cannot escape the water due density
- more toxic than light oil
regulations on Antarctic waters (3)
- protected by stringent regulations
- ban on heavy oil fuel
- no cargo moves through the turbulent southern waters
regulations on Arctic waters (3)
- looser regulations than on Antarctic waters
- UN approved a ban on the use of heavy fuel oil and its carriage for use by ships in Arctic waters in 2024
- complete ban effective in 2029 due to series of exemptions and waivers
why is an oil spill in arctic waters especially problematic (3)
- capacity for rapid spill response is limited due to limited marine traffic and infrastructure
- lots of cold and ice in marine environment
- complex and fragile environment
who does the ban on heavy fuel oils in the Arctic impact the most? (2)
- socio-economic impacts on Arctic communities (many Indigenous and Inuit communities in Canada)
- increase shipping costs for mining operations in the Canadian Arctic and grain
how are Arctic communities affected socio-economically from the heavy fuel oil ban (3)
- higher food costs, fuel, and other goods
- result of higher marine shipping costs
- most depend vitally on marine shipping for community resupply needs
how is global warming affecting the shipping routes (2)
- glacier melts and ice breakers more shipping friendly routes available
- glacier melting is releasing stored carbon (GHG emissions) and rising sea levels
glacial melting feedback loop (4)
- glacial melting releases stored GHG emissions into the atmosphere
- GHG emissions contributes to more global warming
- more glacial melting occurs
- positive feedback loop
who benefits most from shipping in arctic routes (3)
- benefits first world countries most
- routes connect Europe, North America and Asia with shorter routes and reduced costs
- shortened time of shipping is economically desirable
what are the disadvantages of shipping in arctic routes (3)
- impact indigenous hunting and communities
- increased emissions from glacial obstacles despite the shortened route
- only open during summer when ice is more melted
who does all the banning of fossil fuels (3)
- policy making bodies: governments at various levels
- law makers: legislative branches
- interpret laws and regulations: judiciary system
Paris Climate Agreement (2)
- one of the most important climate change treaties
- goal to reduce and prevent effects of climate change
Paris Climate Agreement’s long-term temperature goal (3)
- keep the rise in global temperature below 2°C above pre-industrial levels
- preferably limit increase to 1.5°C
- be at net zero emissions by 2050
why is it so important to stay below 2°C above pre-industrial levels (2)
- past 2°C will be past the tipping point
- will result in irreversible climate change and damage
territorial definitions: full sovereignty
- territorial sea extending 12 nautical miles from the coast
territorial definitions: exclusive economic zone
- 200 nautical miles beyond territorial sea of a nation’s coastline
International Maritime Organization (IMO) (3)
- a specialized agency of the United Nations
- global standard-setting authority for the safety, security and environmental performance of international shipping
- consensus based organization
flag of convenience ship
- a ship that flies the flag of a country other than the country of ownership
advantages to flag of convenience ships (4)
- minimal regulation
- cheap registration fees
- low or no taxes
- freedom to employ cheap labour from the global labour market
why are territorial definitions important: air pollution (2)
- air pollution disproportionately impacts coastal communities
- exclusive rights and bans can help mitigate pollution
Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (3)
- principle formalized by UN
- acknowledges that all states have shared obligation to address environmental destruction
- denies equal responsibility of all states with regard to environmental protection
IMO provision: no more favorable treatment (2)
- encourage governments to inspect foreign ships that visit their ports to ensure that they meet IMO standards
- if standards aren’t met, they can be delayed or detained until repairs are carried out/standards are met
why may member state representatives be against environmental regulations (3)
- increased costs to end buyers
- registration fees for the island nations could be reduced
- increased fuel costs
IMO GHG Strategy: climate targets for international shipping (2)
- 2030 target: at least 40% reduction in carbon intensity compared
to 2008 - 2050 target: at least 50% reduction in total annual GHG emissions
compared to 2008
