Module 6- blood, nitrate, leuckocyte

Question 0

define hematuria?

Answer 0

increased number of rbc in urine

Question 1

Whats the normal amount of blood in urine?

Answer 1

0 or no more then 2-5/HPF

Question 2

what are some of the causes of hematuria?

Answer 2

• trauma of the kidney,
• bleeding in the lower urinary tract
• extra renal condition
• non-pathological conditions

Question 3

why trauma to the kidney?

Answer 3

due to glomerulophritis, pyleorphritis , tumors of blow to the kidney

Question 4

bleeding in the lower urinary tract ?

Answer 4

infection, tumours or kidney stones

Question 5

extra real conditions

Answer 5

• tumours of the colon
• anti-coagulant therapy
• toxic reaction

Question 6

non-pathological conditions

Answer 6

after strenuous exercise, exposure to a cold

Question 7

hemoglobinuria?

Answer 7

presence of free hemoglobin in the urine. occult blood can be determined in microscopic examination

Question 8

causes of hemoglobinuria?

Answer 8

results from a condition that causes the plasma , hemoglobin concentration to increase intravascular hemolysis

ex: incompatible blood transfusion

Question 9

hematuria indications?

Answer 9

• cloudy, red appearance
• (+) for blood
• centrifuged- less (+) or (-) because rbs is spun to bottom of test tubes
• microscopic examination- RBC

Question 10

hemoglobinuria indications?

Answer 10

• cloudy, red appearance
• (+) for blood
• centrifuged for blood- (+)
• microscopic examination- no RBC

Question 11

myoglobin?

Answer 11

heme protein, soluble, if filtrate is (+) for blood

Question 12

hemoglobin?

Answer 12

not soluble, filtrate blood (-)

Question 13

what is the significance of nitrate in urine?

Answer 13

tests for bacteria , detects UTI

Question 14

How can false (-) occur from nitrate tests?

Answer 14

• an infection caused by urinary pathogen doesn’t reduce nitrate
• insufficient incubation
• absence of nitrate in urine (decreased diet intake)

Question 15

how can false (+) occur from a nitrate test?

Answer 15

contaminated urine specimen that has been left at room temp

Question 16

define pyuria?

Answer 16

increased amounts of leukocytes in urine

Question 17

false (-) can come from a dipstick method because of ?

Answer 17

• large amounts of glucouse

- increase in SG

Question 18

false (+) can come from the dipstick method because?

Answer 18

• urine is contaminated with vag discharge

- contamination of oxidants

Question 19

What is the key microscopic finding to differentiate hematuria and hemoglonuria?

Answer 19

Rbc present

Question 20

What is the dipstick method for determining rbc?

Answer 20

Peroxide