Module 2- Routine Urinalysis Flashcards
Define specific gravity
Measure of urine concentration
What is the normal daily output of urine ?
1500ml/day
Causes of low SG
- increased ingestion of fluid
- diabetes insipidus
- diuretics
- renal tubular damage
Causes of high SG
- dehydration
- glycosuria
- proteinuria
What is SG measured with
-Dipstick, Refractometer
What is the ph in 24hr urine
6
What is the ph in random specimen
Varies from 5-8
Condition that make urines acidic
- starvation , prolonged diarrhea
- reduced pulmonary ventilation
- bacterial infection
Conditions that make urine alkaline
- Vomiting
- hyperventilation
- UTI
Define polyuria
- increased urine output
- more then 2000ml/day
Non pathological causes of polyuria
- increased fluid intake
- nervousness
Pathological causes of polyuria
- diabetes insipidus
- diabetes mellitus
Define oliguria
Decreased urine output
Less than 600ml/day
Non pathological causes of oliguria
- decreased fluid intake
- excessive sweating
Pathological causes of oliguria
Dehydration due to vomiting/diarrhea
Shock
Urinary tract obstruction
What are most casts composed of ?
Tamm-horsfall protein
At what magnification de we repost casts ?
x10
At what magnification de we report cells?
x40
What is the key microscopic finding to differentiate glomeruli nephritis from bleeding in the lower urinary tract
Rbc casts
What is the most common cause of leukocyte casts
Pyelonephritis
What do epithelial casts indicate ?
Tubular necrosis
In normal urine _____ appear 2-5HPF
Red blood cells
Rbcs will appear crenated if
SG is high
In normals urine ______ appear 5-8/HPF
Leukocyte
Define pyuria
Increased number of leukocytes in urine
Define hematuria
Increased number of rbc in urine
What are the 3 types of epithelial cells
Renal tubular , transitional , squamous
Why may crystals be found in urine
When chemicals are present in excess of their solubility
