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apologia physical science > module 6 > Flashcards

module 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

define sediment.

A

A deposit of sand and mineral fragments, usually laid down by water.

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2
Q

Define sedimentary rock

A

Rock formed when heat, pressure, and chemical reactions cement

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3
Q

What is the Earth’s crust?

A

Earth’s outermost layer of rock

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4
Q

What is Igneous rock?

A

Rock that forms from molten rock.

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5
Q

What is plastic rock?

A

Rock that behaves like something between a liquid and a solid.

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6
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A trembling and shaking of the earth as a result of rock masses suddenly moving along a fault line.

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7
Q

Define fault.

A

The boundary between a section of moving rock and a section of stationary rock.

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8
Q

What is the focus?

A

The point along a fault where an earthquake begins.

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9
Q

Define epicenter.

A

The point on the surface of the earth directly above the earthquake’s focus.

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10
Q

The earth is divided into 5 distinct sections. What are they?

A

atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, mantle and core.

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11
Q

What 2 regions of the earth does the Moho discontinuity separate?

A

The Moho separates the lithosphere from the mantle.

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12
Q

The Gutenberg discontinuity separates what 2 regions of the earth?

A

The Gutenberg discontinuity separates the mantle from the outer-core.

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13
Q

What 3 things make up the lithosphere?

A

soil, sediment, crust

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14
Q

How does sedimentary rock form?

A

Sedimentary rock forms when sediments are solidified through heat, pressure, and chemical reactions.

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15
Q

How does igneous rock form?

A

Igneous rock forms when molten rock solidifies.

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16
Q

What is the rock in the mantle like?

A

The rock behaves sometimes like a liquid and sometimes like a solid- plastic rock.

17
Q

What is the main thing scientists observe in order to learn about the makeup of the earth’s interior?

A

Scientists observe seismic waves. The behavior of these waves tell a lot about the make up and properties of the mantle and core.

18
Q

Which is solid , the inner or outer core and why?

A

Inner core is solid because of pressure freezing. The pressure is so great that it forces iron atoms close enough together to become solid.

19
Q

Where is the magnetic field of the earth generated?

A

in the earth’s core

20
Q

What causes the magnetic field of the earth?

A

a large amount of electrical flow in the core.

21
Q

What are the “plates” in plate tectonics?

A

large pieces of the earth’s crust floating on the mantle.

22
Q

Why would life cease to exist without the earth’s magnetic field?

A

Without the magnetic field, cosmic rays from the sun would hit the earth. These rays would kill all life on the planet.

23
Q

What can happen when plates collide?

A

They can grind past each other, push up against one another or slide under another to form a trench.

24
Q

What is Pangea?

A

the scientific term referring to the super-continent that might have existed in earth’s past.

25
Q

What causes earthquakes?

A

They are caused by the motion of rock masses along a fault.

26
Q

What is elastic rebound theory?

A

a moving rock mass gets caught on the rough jagged edge of a fault. the stationary rock on the other side starts to bend as the moving rock keeps trying to move. The stress becomes too great, and the moving rock breaks free, causing stationary rock to snap back into original shape.

27
Q

Name 4 kinds of mountains and their formation.

A
  1. volcanic mountains formed by magma
  2. domed mountains formed by magma
  3. fault-block mountains formed by vertical motion on a fault line
  4. folded mountains formed by great pressure from two sides.
28
Q

Two main theories of the magnetic field are?

A

The dynamo theory and the rapid decay theory.

29
Q

Explain rapid decay theory.

A

The rapid decay theory states that the motion of the core started as a consequence of how the earth formed and is slowing down.

30
Q

Explain dynamo theory.

A

Dynamo theory says that motion of the core is due to the rotation of the earth and random currents in the liquid that makes up the core.

31
Q

Why is a catastrophe an essential part of the earth’s history if the rapid decay theory is true?

A

The rapid decay theory requires a global catastrophe in order to be consistent with the data that indicate the magnetic field of the earth has reversed several times.

32
Q

Which theory is more commonly used by scientists?

A

dynamo theory

33
Q

multiply times ___ to find how much more powerful an earthquake is on the Richter scale.

A

x 32 for each increase on the Richter scale.

apologia physical science (12 decks)

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