Module 6

Question 1

Likelihood of failure

Answer 1

Imminent, probable, possible, improbable.

Question 2

Imminent

Answer 2

Failure has started or is most likely to occur in the near future, even if there is no significant wind or increased load. Overrides time frame.

Question 3

Probable

Answer 3

Failure may be expected under normal weather conditions within the specified time frame

Question 4

Possible

Answer 4

Failure may be expected in extreme weather conditions, but it is unlikely during normal weather conditions

Question 5

Improbable

Answer 5

Tree or tree part is not likely to fail during normal weather conditions and may not fail in extreme weather.

Question 6

Adventitious branches

Answer 6

Branch arising from a stem or parent branch and having no connection to apical meristems

Question 7

Adventitious roots

Answer 7

Roots arising from roots or stems and having no connection to apical meristems

Question 8

Factors that decrease the likelihood rating of decayed branches and trunks

Answer 8

A-Lot of Response growth
Small crowns
Low wind exposure
Decay resistant compartmentalizing tree species
Decay fungi species known to advance slowly

Question 9

Taper

Answer 9

Change in diameter over the length of trunks, branches and roots

Question 10

Rib

Answer 10

Longitudinal bulge of response wood growth

Question 11

Seams

Answer 11

Formed where 2 edges of bark meet at a crack or wound

Question 12

Bow

Answer 12

Leans characterized by the top of the tree bending over more than the lower trunk, creating a curve. Partial failure of the wood fibers.

Question 13

Compression

Answer 13

Action of forces to squeeze, crush, or push together any material or substance

Question 14

Shear plane crack

Answer 14

Crack at the neutral plane between tension and compression stresses.

Question 15

Cracks occur

Answer 15

When stems or branches are torsionally stressed.

Question 16

Likelihood of failure is determined by

Answer 16

Site factor, response growth, tree health, tree species, load, defects and conditions

Question 17

While assessing defects and conditions, consider

Answer 17

Response growth, loads impacting defects and conditions, decay, defects in combination

Question 18

Lever arm

Answer 18

The distance between the applied force and the point where the object will bend or rotate.

Question 19

U branch and v branch

Answer 19

U branch is healthier than a v branch

Question 20

Risk categorization process

Answer 20

Assess likelihood of failure and impact
Categorize likelihood of impact and failure
Assess consequences of failure
Categorize risk rating