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traq > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

CODIT

A

Wall 1-vertical vascular system, plugs tracheids and xylem vessels
Wall 2-resists decay round the center of tree, latewood cell
Wall 3-resists from the point of injury around the trunk. Toxic to decay microorganisms.
Wall 4-prevents from moving outward

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2
Q

Vessel

A

Tube water conducting cells xylem In angiosperms.

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3
Q

Tracheids

A

In gymnosperms, elongated tapering xylem cell transports water

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4
Q

Parenchyma

A

Thin walled living cell essential in photosynthesis, radial transport, storage, protective compounds

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5
Q

Cellulose

A

Strings, whitish in color, provide flexibility and strength under tension.

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6
Q

Lignin

A

Darker brown, blocks surrounding strings, provides stiffness and load Bering capability when under compression.

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7
Q

Rays

A

Specialized parenchyma cells that develop radially across the xylem and phloem

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8
Q

Response growth

A

New wood produced in response to loads and damage; includes reaction, flexure and woundwood. Response includes swelling, ridges, bulges. Compression and tension.

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9
Q

Reaction wood

A

Wood formed in leaning or crooked stems, upper or lower branches, counteracting gravity. Compression and tension wood.

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10
Q

Compression wood

A

Common in gymnosperms is response to increased static load, due to gravity. Formed downslope or under branch. Expand longitudinally.

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11
Q

Tension wood

A

Formed in angiosperms. Form on upper side of a branch or uphill side of the trunk. Pulling trunk vertically. Conifers do not produce tension wood.

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12
Q

Flexure wood

A

Formed in response to wind loading. Example is trunk taper and buttress roots.

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13
Q

Woundwood

A

Responds to cambial damage. Produces callus. Can produce rams horn, curl inward.

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14
Q

Saprophytes

A

Decay that attacks non living cells

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15
Q

White rot

A

Break down mostly lignin and some cellulose, leaves wet spongy wood. Fibrous appearance. Mostly in hardwood

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16
Q

Brown rot

A

Primarily breaks down cellulose. Brittle and crumbly, wood shrinks and cracks into blocks. Loss of strength. More serious.

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17
Q

Soft rot

A

Decay of plant tissues characterized by the breakdown of tissues within cell walls. Breaks down cellulose first. Creates localized pockets of decayed wood softer than surrounding areas.

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18
Q

Decay progression relates to:

A 
Tree and fungus characteristics
Codit
Age and vigor at time of injury
Type of pathogen
Interaction btw fungus and tree species
Recent Additional wounds 
Site moisture and temp
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19
Q

Suberin

A

Waxy substance that protects the cambium from drying.

20
Q

If CODIT fails

A

A column of decay and eventually a cavity

21
Q

Rhizomorphs

A

A root like aggregation of fungus

22
Q

Potential indicators of decay

A

Presence of old wounds or branches, allow decay
Response growth patterns, swelling, bulges
Cracks or seams
Oozing from bark
Dead or loose bark, discolored
Sunken area in bark
Termite trails

23
Q

Definite indicators of decay

A

Cavity opening, nests holes, bee hives,
Fruiting bodies attached to tree
Carpenter ants
Termites

24
Q

Load

A

Result of various forces acting on a structure, usually wind and gravity.

25
Q

Lever arm

A

Distance between applied force and the point where the object will bend or rotate

26
Q

M=F x L

A

Bending moment= Force (wind) x lever arm strength (distance from the ground to center of pressure).

27
Q

Moment

A

Force multiples by the length of a lever arm to rotate or bend an object

28
Q

Drag

A

Wind related lateral force on a tree

29
Q

Stress=force/area

A

Force extended over an area

30
Q

4 basic stresses

A

Compression, tension, torsion, shear

31
Q

Shear

A

When components of a material attempt to slide relative to one another at interface btw tension and compression

32
Q

Neutral plane

A

An imaginary plane where there is neither tension nor compression

33
Q

Shell wall

A

Remaining solid wood around a cavity or internal wood decay

34
Q

Mass dampening

A

Acts to reduce dangerous harmonic sway motion of the trunk which minimizes loads and increases stability.

35
Q

Trees can have internal decay and remain stable do not apply when:

A

Tree is not essentially circular in cross section, decay is not centrally located, loading potential is low.

36
Q

Trees respond to wind by

A

Streamlining leaves, twigs, and branches
Reducing height and or increasing diameter
Altering root growth
Developing smaller leaves and shorter internodes
Forming thicker branch unions
Forming reaction wood

37
Q

Cross sectional strength formulas limitations

A

Assumes round stems and centered cavities
Does not account large diameter trees or strong wood
Cavity openings are not considered
Load on shell wall and strength of response wood are not considered

38
Q

Retrenchment

A

Overly mature tree reduces its crown and increases girth to harbor resources and increase longevity. Crown dieback, adventitious shoots, decreased vigor, new wood at slower rate.

39
Q

Long lived vs short lived trees

A

Adapt biologically to overcome defects. Weaker response to defects, relys on vigor.

40
Q

Sapwood rot

A

Rotting from bark. Likelihood of failure increases due to rapid reduction

41
Q

Load and likelihood of failure

A

Branch strength, location of load, wind exposure, changes in load.

42
Q

Assessing loads for likelihood of failure

A

Wind, precipitation, tree weight, crown size, foliage density, cross section areas.

43
Q

Trees with smaller height/diameter ratios

A

Typically have more significant taper

44
Q

Large h/d ratios

A

Combined with site exposure can cause failure

45
Q

During the load assessment, consider

A

Crown density, stress raisers, wind strength and direction, precipitation, length of lever arm, load location, response growth.

46
Q

Earlywood

Latewood

A

Tree comes out of dormancy, new wood normally has thin cell walls. Intercellular space is larger

Later in the season, cell walls get thicker. Intercellular space is smaller

47
Q

Distribution of new wood is determined

A

Large part to mechanical stresses, tree health as well.

traq (8 decks)

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