Module 6 Flashcards
What are the three types of sensory neurons?
Simple receptors
Complex neural receptor
Special senses receptor
Which sensory neuron is being described: free nerve endings and senses pain, itch, and temperature
simple receptors
Which sensory neuron is being described: nerve endings enclosed in a connective tissue capsule, responds to touch or proprioception
complex neural receptor
Which sensory neuron is being described: releases neurotransmitter onto sensory neurons, initiating an AP
special senses receptor
which sensory receptor responds to oxygen, pH, and organic molecules?
chemoreceptors
which sensory receptor responds to pressure, cell stretch, vibration, acceleration, or sound?
mechanoreceptors
which sensory receptor responds to photons of light?
photoreceptors
which sensory receptor responds to varying degrees of heat?
thermoreceptors
What is a receptor potential?
same thing as a graded potential but in a sensory neuron
How is a large receptive field generated?
overlap of three primary sensory neurons
if two stimuli fall within the same large receptive field, what happens?
there is no two-point discrimination between the stimuli
where would you find small receptive fields? what happens when two stimuli fall within small receptive fields?
sensitive areas
there is two-point discrimination
where is visceral sensory info integrated?
brainstem and spinal cord
where do equilibrium pathways project?
to the cerebellum
what are the 4 properties of a stimulus that the CNS distinguishes?
modality
location
intensity
duration
what is modality?
identifying the physical stimulus being sensed. determined by the type of sensory neuron being activated and where it projects
how is location of a stimulus determined?
coded according to which receptive fields are being activated and which part of the somatosensory cortex it is projected
how does lateral inhibition increase accuracy of localization?
lateral neurons and neighbors are inhibited
true or false: intensity can be determined by amplitude
false (AP amplitude is constant)
how is intensity determined?
of receptors being activated and frequency of AP coming off those receptors
how is duration determined?
how long APs are active
contrast between tonic and phasic receptors.
tonic receptors: slowly adapting receptors that respond for the duration of a stimulus
phasic receptors: rapidly adapt to constant stimulus and turn off
what is the autonomic nervous system?
responsible for involuntary control of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, many glands, and some adipose tissue
what are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?
sympathetic (fight or flight)
parasympathetic (rest and digest)
which brain structures initiate autonomic, endocrine, and behavioral responses?
pons, medulla, hypothalamus
sometimes the limbic system (blushing)
where do efferent neurons synapse in an autonomic pathway?
autonomic ganglion
where do preganglionic neurons originate in the sympathetic nervous system?
thoracic and lumbar regions
where do preganglionic neurons originate in the parasympathetic nervous system?
brain stem
true or false: synapses between preganglionic and postganglionic neurons are the same in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
true
in sympathetic pathways, ____ is preganglionic and ___ is postganglionic.
acetylcholine
norepinephrine
what does the norepinephrine released in sympathetic pathways target?
adrenergic receptors of the target tissue
what does the acetylcholine released in parasympathetic pathways target?
muscarinic receptors of the target tissue
which neuroendocrine receptor is often described as a modified sympathetic ganglion?
adrenal medulla
distinguish between exocrine and endocrine gland.
exocrine gland: non-hormone secreting gland
endocrine gland: hormone releasing gland
where are the primary neurotransmitters (AcH and NE) synthesized?
varicosities on axons
sympathetic adrenergic receptors are all ___ coupled receptors.
g-protein coupled receptors (metabotropic receptors)
where are the ganglia located in the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system?
sympathetic: outside spinal cord
parasympathetic: on or near target tissue
