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BMSC 207 > Module 3 > Flashcards

Module 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What do the nervous system do?

A

Coordinates voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals to and from different parts of the body

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2
Q

What does afferent mean?

A

Carrying information towards the CNS (sensory)

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3
Q

What does efferent mean?

A

Carrying information away from the CNS (somatic and autonomic)

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4
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

PNS and CNS

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5
Q

What makes up the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What makes up the PNS?

A

Nerve tissue outside the CNS (cranial nerves and branches, spinal nerves and branches, ganglia)

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7
Q

What is a neuron?

A

basic signaling units of the nervous system

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8
Q

What are glia?

A

Support cells known to communicate with neurons and provide biochemical support

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9
Q

Which part of the neuron receives incoming signals from neighboring cells?

A

Dendrites

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10
Q

Which part of the neuron carries outgoing signals from the integrating center?

A

Axon

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11
Q

What is the control center of the neuron?

A

Soma (cell body)

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12
Q

What is the name of the region where an axon terminal communicates with its postsynaptic target cell?

A

Synapse

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13
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of peripheral neurons

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14
Q

Why cant the axon produce proteins?

A

It lacks ribosomes and ER, proteins are produced in the soma and transported down the axon

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15
Q

If a substance was being transported toward the cell body, what is this called?

A

Retrograde transport

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16
Q

If a substance was being transported away from the cell body, what is this called?

A

Anterograde transport

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17
Q

Kinesins are an example of ___ transport, and dynein’s are an example of ___ transport.

A

Anterograde (move toward + charge), Retrograde (move toward - charge)

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18
Q

The space containing extracellular matrix that holds the pre and post synaptic cells is called ____.

A

Synaptic cleft

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19
Q

What is the moto that synapses tend to go by?

A

Use it or lose it

20
Q

What is myelin?

A

Layers of phospholipid membrane wrapped around an axon

Important in structural stability of axon, insulation of axon and speeding up electrical signals

21
Q

Which glial cell produces myelin the CNS, and which glial cell produces myelin the PNS?

A

CNS: Oligodendrocytes
PNS: Schwann cells

22
Q

Which disorder results from demyelination in the CNS?

A

MS

23
Q

What are the 6 types of glial cells and their functions?

A

Oligodendrocytes: myelin producers in CNS
Schwann cells: myelin producers in PNS
Satellite: supportive capsule around cell bodies of neurons (PNS)
Astrocytes: take up and release chemicals at synapses, provide neurons with substrate, main ECF homeostasis, surrounds vessels (CNS)
Microglia: CNS immune cells
Ependymal: line cerebrospinal fluid, circulate cerebrospinal fluid

24
Q

What types of diseases are likely to occur if microglia remain activated past a certain time period or pass a certain threshold?

A

Alzheimer’s, ALS

25
Q

Which division of the nervous system is more likely to repair neurons and why?

A

PNS. Schwann cells create a tube to guide the regenerating axon

26
Q

What does the Nernst equation describe?

A

Describes the membrane potential that would result if the membrane were completely permeable to only one ion

27
Q

What does the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation describe?

A

Predicts the membrane potential that results from the contribution of all ions that can cross the membrane

28
Q

What alters membrane potential?

A

Change in K+ concentrations or change in permeability to ions (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-)

29
Q

The ease with which ions flow through a channel is known as ___.

A

the channels conductance

30
Q

Which gated channel opens in response to physical forces and is found in sensory neurons?

a) Voltage-gated
b) Mechanically-gated
c) Chemically-gated

A

b) mechanically-gated

31
Q

Which gated channel responds to ligands?

a) voltage
b) mechanical
c) chemical

A

c) chemical

32
Q

which gated channel responds to changes in the cells membrane potential?

a) voltage
b) mechanical
c) chemical

A

a) voltage

33
Q

A mutation in a channel is called ____. What can this mutation do to the channel?

A

Alter permeation
Change channel activation
Change channel inactivation

34
Q

What conditions can result from channelopathies?

A

cystic fibrosis, muscle disorders, congenital insensitivity to pain

35
Q

What are the two sources of resistance in a cell?

A

membrane resistance

internal resistance of cytoplasm

36
Q

What determines how far current will flow in a cell before the energy is dissipated?

A

Resistance

37
Q

What is a graded potential?

A

Electrical signal that travel over short distances and lose strength as they travel

38
Q

What induces an action potential?

A

a graded potential large enough that causes a large depolarization

39
Q

What is an action potential?

A

brief, large depolarization that travel for long distances without losing strength (rapid signal over long distance)

40
Q

Where do graded potentials typically occur?

Where do action potentials typically occur?

A

GP: soma+dendrites
AP: axon

41
Q

What generates the graded potential?

A

Chemically gated ion channels or closure of leak channels

42
Q

What causes graded potential to lose strength as they travel through the cell?

A

Leak channels

Cytoplasmic resistance

43
Q

Which part of the neuron must a graded potential reach to initiate an action potential?

A

trigger zone (axon hillock)

44
Q

Why is the movement of an action potential dominoes-like?

A

The movement of an AP results in sequential opening of voltage gated ion channels in each adjacent area of the axon creating a uniform depolarization

45
Q

The movement of AP along an axon is referred to as ___.

A

Conduction

BMSC 207 (6 decks)

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