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CMB - Midterms > Module 5A - Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Module 5A - Cell Signaling Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism of the cell to respond towards physical and chemical changes in the environement.

A

Cell signaling

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2
Q

A type of signaling where the cell produces their own signaling molecules.

A

Autocrine signaling

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3
Q

A type of signaling where chemical synapses are produced by neurons and delivered through neurotransmitters

A

Synaptic signalling

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4
Q

A type of signaling where the signaling molecules are produced by the endocrine system that travels through the bloodstream to reach the target cells.

A

Endocrine signaling

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5
Q

A process where cells communicate with one another in response to an external stimuli, transferring information from one cell to another.

A

Cell signaling

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6
Q

Cells communicate by using:

A

Extracellular signaling molecules

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7
Q

Type of cells that responds to the specific extracellular signaling molecules.

A

Target cells

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8
Q

Found in the surface of target cells that receive the signal molecules.

A

High specificity-binding sites

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9
Q

Types of extracellular signals:

A

Stimulatory or inhibitory signals

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10
Q

Cells are programmed to respond to ___________________ that determines how it would integrate all signaling information in order to make decisions.

A

Specific combinations of extracellular signals

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11
Q

An effect of a signaling molecule changes based on:

A
  1. Different types of target cells
  2. Different intracellular signaling proteins
  3. Distinct effector proteins
  4. Genes
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12
Q

Induces the cell to respond based on its pre-determined state.

A

Signal molecule

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13
Q

Three(3) major classes of cell-surface receptor proteins.

A
  1. Ion-channel coupled receptors
  2. G-protein couple receptors
  3. Enzyme-couple receptors
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14
Q

Converts the extracellular signals into intracellular signals that changes the behavior of the cell.

A

Signal transducers

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15
Q

A major class of surface receptor, where the signaling molecule activates a trimeric GTP-binding protein (g-protein)

A

G-protein couple receptors

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16
Q

A type of cell-surface receptor that directly opens or closes in response to the binding of a specific ligand.

A

Ion-channel coupled receptors

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17
Q

Cell surface receptor that also functions as an enzyme or associated directly with enzymes.

A

Enzyme-coupled receptors

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18
Q

Type of cell surface receptor with a ligand-binding site on the extracellular and an enzyme-binding site in the intracellular space.

A

Enzyme-couple receptors

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19
Q

Cell surface receptor that is associated with electrically excitable cells and neurotransmitters.

A

Ion-channel coupled receptors

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20
Q

Cell surface receptor that activates a specific protein (g-protein) that carriers the signal towards the intracellular matrix.

A

G-protein coupled receptors

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21
Q

Binds and alters the behavior of selected signaling or effector proteins. Considered as molecular switches.

A

Intracellular signaling molecules

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22
Q

Made up of small chemicals, water-soluble molecules, or lipid-soluble molecules that alters the behavior of selected effector proteins.

A

Intracellular signaling molecules

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23
Q

Type of intracellular signaling that uses phosphorylation (addition of a phosphate group).

A

Signaling by phosphorylation

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24
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the addition of a phosphate group (phosphorylation).

A

Kinase

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25
Q

Enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group (dephosphorylation).

A

Phosphatase

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26
Q

There are ____ kinases, and ____ phosphatases.

A

520, 150

27
Q

Signaling by GTP-binding is turned on by binding of ____, and is turned off by the binding of ____.

A

GTP, GDP

28
Q

Proteins that facilitated the hydrolysis of GTP.

A

GTPase-activating proteins

29
Q

Releases the binding of GDP on the effector protein.

A

Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs)

30
Q

Signaling by GTP-binding is considered as a:

A

Double-negative activation

31
Q

Activation caused by intracellular signaling molecules are determined by:

A

High affinity and specificity

32
Q

Holds the protein in close proximity; interact at high local concentration; sequentially activated rapidly.

A

Signaling complexes

33
Q

Serves as the docking site or binding site of signaling molecules.

A

Phosphorylated cytoplasmic tail

34
Q

Recruits specific intracellular signaling proteins.

A

Phosphoinositides

35
Q

7 principles of cell signaling:

A
  1. Response
  2. Sensitivity
  3. Dynamic range
  4. Persistence
  5. Signal processing
  6. Integration
  7. Coordination
36
Q

Depends on the nature of intracellular signaling molecules.

A

Speed of response

37
Q

Smoothly graded response and the concentration rises beyond the threshold value.

A

Hyperbolic

38
Q

Rates of responses based on the concentration of signal molecule.

A

Hyperbolic, all-or-none, sigmoidal

39
Q

The output of the process that acts back to regulate the same process.

A

Feedback loops

40
Q

Feedback in which the output stimulates its own production.

A

Positive feedback

41
Q

Feedback where the output inhibits its own production.

A

Negative feedback

42
Q

Steepen the process of output production creating a sigmoidal or all-or-none curve. Can exist in either a “switched off” or “switched on” state.

A

Positive feedback

43
Q

A transient extracellular signal that can induce long-term changes (e.g. muscle-cell specification)

A

Positive feedback

44
Q

Counteracts the effects of a stimulus.

A

Negative feedback

45
Q

Limits the level of response which causes delay or oscillations.

A

Negative feedback

46
Q

A decrease in the response to a specific stimulus due to prolonged exposure caused by a strong response that reset the machinery to become less responsive.

A

Adaptation/Desensitization

47
Q

A single polypeptide chain that threads back and forth across the lipid bilayer seven times, forming a cylindrical structure.

A

G-protein coupled receptors

48
Q

Largest family of cell-surface receptors and uses g-proteins to relay extracellular signals.

A

G-protein coupled receptors

49
Q

Three(3) subunits of GTP-binding proteins

A

α , β, and γ

50
Q

α-subunit has GDP-bound and the g-protein is inactive.

A

Unstimulated

51
Q

α-subunit release its bound GDP →
binding of GTP → conformational
changes → dissociation of the GTP-bound Gα subunit from the Gβγ pair

A

Activation

52
Q

G-proteins regulate the production of this protein.

A

cyclic AMP

53
Q

Stimulatory g-proteins activate this protein

A

adenylyl cyclase

54
Q

Cause by ADP ribosylation that alters the stimulatory g-protein α-subunit.

A

Cholera toxin (cholera)

55
Q

Results from the ADP ribosylation of the α-subunit of inhibitory g-protein.

A

Pertussis toxin (whooping cough)

56
Q

Phosphorylates specific serine or threonine; regulating their activity.

A

cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase (PKA)

57
Q

The inactive state of PKA

A

Two catalytic and regulatory subunits

58
Q

Active state of PKA

A

Releases catalytic subunits

59
Q

cAMP activates the hormone that encodes this protein.

A

Somatostatin

60
Q

Stimulates the cellular gene expression after phosphorylation at a conserved serine in response to cAMP.

A

cyclic AMP response element (CRE)

61
Q

Regulates the expression of cyclic AMP response element before it reaches the transcription site.

A

CRE-binding protein (CREB protein)

62
Q

An active protein kinase C (PKC)

A

Diacyglycerol

63
Q

G-protein that catalyzes the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton

A

G12

64
Q

Smell and vision depends on ______ that regulated the ion channels.

A

GPCR’s

CMB - Midterms (5 decks)

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