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CMB - Midterms > Module 2A - Membrane Structure > Flashcards

Module 2A - Membrane Structure Flashcards

1
Q

Enclose the cell, defines its boundaries, and maintains the essential difference between the cytoplasm and the extracellular matrix.

A

Plasma membrane

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2
Q

Maintains the characteristic differences between the contents of each organelle and the cytosol.

A

Plasma membrane

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3
Q

Components of the plasma membrane:

A
  1. Ion gradients
  2. Protein receptors or sensors
  3. Lipid bilayer
  4. Membrane proteins
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4
Q

The main structural component of all cell membrane.

A

Lipid bilayer

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5
Q

Lipid make about ___% of the total mass of most animal cells.

A

50%

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6
Q

Lipid molecules are __________, which means they have a hydrophobic and a hydrophilic sides.

A

Amphiphilic

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7
Q

The most abundant type of membrane lipids.

A

Phospholipids

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8
Q

Parts of a phospholipid:

A
  1. Phosphate head (Hydrophilic)
  2. Two hydrocarbon tails (hydrophobic)
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9
Q

Bonds that creates the slight deformation on a phospholipid tail.

A

cis-double bonds

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10
Q

Different types of lipids in the cell membrane:

A
  1. Phosphoglycerides
  2. Sphingolipids
  3. Glycolipids
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11
Q

What is the main type of phospholipid?

A

Phosphoglycerides

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12
Q

Characteristics of Phosphoglycerides:

A
  1. Three-carbon glycerol backbones
  2. Two long chains of fatty acids
  3. 3rd carbon attached to a phosphate group
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13
Q

Type of lipid from sphingosine (long acyl chain with an amino group and two hydroxyl groups)

A

Sphingolipids

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14
Q

Most common type of Sphingolipids:

A

Sphingomyelin

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15
Q

Sub-types of phosphoglycerides:

A
  1. Phosphatidylethanolamine
  2. Phosphatidylserine
  3. Phosphatidylcholine
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16
Q

Type of lipid that resembles sphingolipids with a carbohydrate attached through a glycosidic bond.

A

Glycolipids

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17
Q

A sterol that contains a rigid ring structure, where a single polar hydroxyl group and a short non-polar hydrocarbon chains are attached.

A

Cholesterol

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18
Q

The shape and amphiphilic characteristic of the phospholipid molecules causes them to form:

A

bilayers spontaneously in an aqueous environment.

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19
Q

Aggregation of phospholipids that cause them to bury their hydrophobic tails inward, forming a sphere.

A

Spherical micelles

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20
Q

Aggregation of phospholipids that cause them to bury their hydrophobic tails inward, sandwiching them in between.

A

Bilayer/Lipid bilayer

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21
Q

The phospholipid layer forms into a sphere, closing the gaps to seal the hydrophobic tails exposed to water because it is:

A

Energetically favorable

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22
Q

What molecules are able to diffuse directly through the plasma membrane?

A

Lipid molecules

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23
Q

The characteristic of molecules to rapidly exchange places with their neighbors within a monolayer.

A

Rapid lateral diffusion

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24
Q

The rare migration of phospholipid molecules from one side of the monolayer into the other side.

A

Flip-flop

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25
Q

Catalyzes the rapid flip-flop of phospholipids from one monolayer to the other.

A

Phospholipid translocator (flippases)

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26
Q

Lipid component that allows the molecules of the plasma membrane to freely move laterally.

A

Two-dimensional fluid

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27
Q

The change of the two-dimensional fluid from a liquid state, into a rigid crystalline state at characteristic temperatures.

A

Phase transition

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28
Q

How does cholesterol regulates the properties of the lipid bilayer?

A
  1. Enhances the permeability-barrier properties
  2. Makes the lipid bilayer less deformable; decreases the permeability of the bilayer from small water molecules
  3. Prevents the hydrocarbon chains from coming together and cystalizing
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29
Q

Plasma membranes of most _______ are more varied than prokaryotes and archaea

A

Eukaryotic cells

30
Q

How many different species of lipids are there?

A

Around 500-200 species

31
Q

Membrane microdomains that serves as organizing centers for assembly of signaling molecules, influence membrane fluidity, trafficking of membrane proteins, regulate cellular processes, and receptor trafficking.

A

Lipid rafts

32
Q

Specific lipids come together in separate domains.

A

Phase segregation

33
Q

Where lipids are stored (e.g. fat cells or adipocytes). Forms rapidly when cells are exposed to high concentration of fatty acids.

A

Lipid droplets

34
Q

Specialized cells for lipid storage

A

Adipocytes (fat cells)

35
Q

Types of neutral lipids:

A

Triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters

36
Q

A condition where two monolayers have different compositions. Important in converting extracellular signals into intracellular ones.

A

Lipid asymmetry

37
Q

Lipid that moves from the inner monolayer of the bilayer to the outer monolayer when the cell undergoes apoptosis (cell death).

A

Phosphatidylserine

38
Q

Cleaves an inositol phospholipid within the cytosolic monolayer to create fragments that activates protein kinase C, and stimulates the release of Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum.

A

Phospholipase C

39
Q

Sugar-containing lipid molecule with the most extreme asymmetry in their membrane distribution. Occurs in all eukaryotic plasma

A

Glycolipids

40
Q

The function of glycolipids vary from their:

A

Location/Localization

41
Q

Exposed apical surface; may help to protect the
membrane against the harsh conditions.

A

Epithelial cells

42
Q

Charged glycolipids; important because of their electric effects

A

Gangliosides

43
Q

Performs most of the membrane’s specific tasks and therefore give each type of cell membrane its
characteristic functional properties.

A

Membrane proteins

44
Q

Type of membrane protein that extends throughout the lipid bilayer, located entirely on the cytosol, and are attached to the cytosolic monolayer.

A

Transmembrane proteins

45
Q

Membrane protein that is not found in the hydrophobic interior, but is bound to either sides of the membrane by non-covalent interactions.

A

Peripheral proteins

46
Q

Controls the membrane localization of some signaling proteins.

A

Lipid anchors

47
Q

The membrane-spanning segment of
the polypeptide chain that contacts the hydrophobic area of the lipid bilayer are formed into:

A

α-helix

48
Q

A polypeptide chain that spans the lipid bilayer only once.

A

Single-pass transmembrane proteins

49
Q

Used to localize potential α-helical membrane spanning segments in a polypeptide chain.

A

Hydropathy plots

50
Q

It is estimated that about ___% of an organisms proteins are transmembrane proteins

A

30%

51
Q

Multi-pass transmembrane strands of a polypeptide chain are arranged to be a:

A

β sheet that is rolled up into a cylinder

52
Q

Many membrane proteins are:

A

Glycosylated

53
Q

They extensively coat the surface of all eukaryotic cells:

A

Carbohydrates

54
Q

__________ chains are always present on the non-cytosolic side of the plasma membrane.

A

Oligosaccharide

55
Q

Stabilizes either the folded structure of a polypeptide chain, or its association with other polypeptides. Forms on the non-cytosolic side of the membrane.

A

Disulfide bonds

56
Q

Small amphiphilic molecules that disrupts hydrophobic associations and destroy the lipid bilayer, solubilizing the membrane proteins.

A

Detergents

57
Q

Polar side of detergents can be either:

A

Ionic or non-ionic

58
Q

Surfactant concentration at which micelle formation is first seen in the solution.

A

Critical micelle concentration

59
Q

How does detergents work on solubilizing membranes?

A

Hydrophobic ends of detergent binds with the hydrophobic regions of the membrane, where they displace the lipid molecules.

60
Q

Small, uniformly sized patches of membrane that are surrounded by a belt of protein, which covers the exposed edge of
the bilayer to keep the patch in solution.

A

Nanodiscs

61
Q

Membrane proteins can often function as a part of large:

A

Multicomponent complexes

62
Q

How does membrane proteins able to move laterally across the lipid bilayer?

A

Lateral diffusion

63
Q

Procedure that measures the rate of lateral diffusion by the membrane proteins.

A

Fluorescence recovery after Photobleaching (FRAP)

64
Q

Procedure that labels individual membrane molecules and tracks their movement by video microscopy.

A

Single-particle tracking

65
Q

FACT: Cells are capable of confining/distributing membrane proteins across specific regions in the cells.

A

This asymmetric distribution of membrane proteins is often essential for the function of the epithelium.

66
Q

Asymmetric distribution of ___________ is often essential for the function of the epithelium.

A

Membrane proteins

67
Q

This interactions within the membrane creates nanoscale raft domains that functions in cell signaling and membrane trafficking.

A

Protein-protein interactions

68
Q

Gives the plasma membrane mechanical strength and restricts the diffusion of membrane proteins.

A

Cortical cytoskeleton

69
Q

A long, thin, and flexible rod protein that
maintains the structural integrity and
shape of the plasma membrane

A

Spectrin

70
Q

Specific type of cytoskeleton that enables the red blood cells to withstand the stress acted upon its membrane when passing through narrow capillaries.

A

Spectrin-based cytoskeleton

71
Q

Proteins that deforms the lipid bilayer through the dynamic pushing and pulling forces exerted by the cytoskeleton or extracellular structures.

A

Membrane-bending proteins

72
Q

During vesicle budding, cell movement, and cell division; The shape of the cell is controlled-

A

Dynamically

CMB - Midterms (5 decks)

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