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CMB - Midterms > Module 1A - Cells and Genomes > Flashcards

Module 1A - Cells and Genomes Flashcards

1
Q

The study of structure, function, and behavior of cells

A

Cell biology

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2
Q

Despite the apparent diversity, all living things are ________ inside

A

Similar

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3
Q

Process in which structures are generated but without the same link between parents’ peculiarities and the peculiarities of the off spring.

A

Heredity

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4
Q

All living cells on Earth store their hereditary information in?

A

DNA

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5
Q

DNA’s are

A

long, unbranched polymer chains formed with the same 4 monomers.

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6
Q

All cells replicate their hereditary information by:

A

Template Polymerization

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7
Q

What is the building block of DNA?

A

Nucleotide

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8
Q

DNA Replication is?

A

Semi-conservative

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9
Q

All cells transcribe portions of their DNA into what Intermediary form?

A

RNA

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10
Q

DNA expresses it information by the production of two other key classes of polymers. Theses polymers are:

A

Proteins and RNA

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11
Q

Transcription is:

A

DNA to RNA

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12
Q

Translation is:

A

RNA to Proteins

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13
Q

What monomer changes when DNA is transcribed into RNA?

A

Thymine changes into Uracil.

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14
Q

RNA molecules have distinct structures that give them:

A

Specialized chemical capabilities

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15
Q

Amino acids are monomers that build the protein structure. How many are those amino acids?

A

20 amino acids

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16
Q

All cells use proteins as?

A

Catalysts

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17
Q

A living cell is a cell-replicating:

A

Collection of catalysts

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18
Q

What is the basis of a specific function a protein molecule performs?

A

Sequence of the amino acids

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19
Q

The proteins function is encoded by a specific?

A

Gene

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20
Q

A segment of DNA sequence that corresponds to a specific protein, alternative protein variants, a single catalytic regulatory, or the structure of an RNA molecule?

A

Gene

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21
Q

The expressions of individual genes are regulated by:

A

Regulatory DNA

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22
Q

Each cell is enclosed in a:

A

Plasma Membrane

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23
Q

Why is the plasma membrane considered as selective barrier?

A

It regulates the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.

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24
Q

What is the characteristic of the plasma membrane that allows it to have a polar (hydrophilic) and a non-polar (hydrophobic) sides?

A

Amphiphilic

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25
Q

What types of proteins largely determines which molecules can enter the cell?

A

Membrane Transport Proteins

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26
Q

What is the minimum amount of genes required for a viable living cell to exist?

A

Not less than 300

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27
Q

Mycoplasma genitalium has 530 genes, how many genes are essential?

A

400 genes

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28
Q

Organisms that feed on other living things or the organic chemicals that they produce.

A

Organotrophic

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29
Q

Organisms that feed on sunlight (e.g. plants)

A

Phototrophic

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30
Q

Organisms that feeds on rock.

A

Lithotrophic

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31
Q

What are the six elements that compose DNA, RNA, and proteins?

A

Hydrogen, Oxygen, Sulfur, Carbon, Phosphorus, Nitrogen

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32
Q

Cells that live independently, or in loosely organized communities rather than as multicellular organisms.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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33
Q

What are the three primary branches of the tree of life?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

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34
Q

How did the first eukaryotic cell formed based on the recent detailed genome analysis?

A

An ancient archaeal cell engulfed an ancient bacterium.

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35
Q

What are the two distinct groups that prokaryotes comprise with?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

36
Q

Evolution of organisms are caused by:

A

Mutation and Natural Selection

37
Q

Promotes an advantage for the better or causes serious damage to the organism.

A

Alterations of nucleotide sequence

38
Q

Bacteria and Archaea comprises about ________ genes.

A

1000-6000

39
Q

Four modes of genetic innovation.

A
  1. Intragenic Mutation
  2. Gene Duplication
  3. DNA segment shuffling
  4. Horizontal Gene Transfer
40
Q

Genes that are related by descent

A

Orthologs

41
Q

Genes that are related as a result from a gene duplication event (one set of gene diverted from the other)

A

Paralogs

42
Q

Movement of genetic material between organisms that are unrelated or not direct descendants of each other.

A

Horizontal Gene Transfer

43
Q

The analysis of gene function depends on what two complementary scientific approaches?

A

Genetics and Biochemistry

44
Q

Genetics is the study of:

A

Mutants

45
Q

Studies the function of molecules

A

Biochemistry

46
Q

What bacteria prompted the beginning of Molecular Biology?

A

E. Coli (Escherichia coli)

47
Q

Eukaryotic cells store their genetic information within their:

A

Nucleus

48
Q

The early eukaryotic cells may have originated as:

A

Predators

49
Q

Originally a free living, oxygen metabolizing (aerobic) bacteria that was engulfed by an ancestral cell.

A

Mitochondria

50
Q

Along with mitochondria, a free living, symbiotic photosynthetic bacteria was also consumed and evolved as an organelle that provides energy to eukaryotic cells. What is this organelle?

A

Chloroplast

51
Q

Plant cells lost their ability to do phagocytosis due to having a:

A

Tough protective cell wall

52
Q

How many percent of the human genome does not code for proteins?

A

98.5%

53
Q

How many percent of E. coli genome does not code for proteins?

A

11%

54
Q

what is the approximate number of human genes?

A

30,000

55
Q

Function of regulatory DNA.

A

Regulate the expression of adjacent genes

56
Q

Binds directly or indirectly to the regulatory DNA that are adjacent to the genes that are to be controlled or interferes with the ability of other proteins to do so.

A

Transcription Regulators

57
Q

Protozoa’s were termed:

A

Hunters

58
Q

Unicellular algae were termed:

A

Photosynthesizer

59
Q

Unicellular fungi or yeast were termed:

A

Scavengers

60
Q

Serves as a minimal model eukaryote (e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae)

A

Yeast

61
Q

Animal Cells is represented by which organisms?

A

Fly, Mouse, Worm, Zebrafish, and Human

61
Q

The predominant mammalian model organism

A

Mouse

61
Q

Studies conducted in this species provided a key to Vertebrate development (proved that genes are carried on chromosomes).

A

Fruit Fly (Drosopila melanogaster)

61
Q

Human and elephants share how much percent of identical amino acids?

A

85%

62
Q

The only species that catalogs their own genetic disorders:

A

Humans (Homo sapiens)

62
Q

Humans and Birds share about ___% of identical amino acids

A

70%

63
Q

“The key to every biological problem must finally be
sought in the cell; for every living organism is, or at some time has been, a cell”

A

E.B. Wilson

64
Q

Field of science that studies cell structure, function, and behavior.

A

Cell biology

65
Q

Formation of orderly structures but without the same type of link between the parents peculiarities and the offspring’s peculiarities.

A

Heredity

66
Q

The form where all living cells on Earth store their hereditary information.

A

DNA (Deoxyribose nucleic acid)

67
Q

Replication of hereditary information are done by:

A

Template polymerization/DNA replication

68
Q

The 4(four) bases that makes up the DNA

A
  1. Adenine
  2. Guanine
  3. Cytosine
  4. Thymine
69
Q

Parts of a nucleotide

A

Sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

70
Q

A type of RNA that guides the synthesis of proteins according to the genetic instruction stored within the DNA.

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

71
Q

Allows RNA to recognize other molecules through selective binding.

A

The shape of the RNA

72
Q

Proteins carry information in the form of:

A

Linear sequence of symbols

73
Q

Each molecule of protein is a:

A

Polypeptide

74
Q

The greatest biochemical diversity exists among what type of cells?

A

Prokaryotic Cells

75
Q

Characteristics of a prokaryotic cell:

A

Small genomes, closely packed genes, and minimal quantities of regulatory DNA.

76
Q

An organism that is capable of capturing non-viral DNA molecules from the environment, thereby captures the genetic information.

A

Bacteriophages

77
Q

Gene function is determined by the:

A

Gene sequence

78
Q

Eukaryotic cells are __ times bigger in dimension and _____ times larger in volume in comparison to prokaryotic cells.

A

10, 1000

79
Q

Structure that maintains the shape and internal organization of organelles of a eukaryotic cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

80
Q

What species was chosen as a model for plant cells?

A

Thale cress (Arabidopsis thaliana)

81
Q

Almost every gene in the vertebrate genome has:

A

Paralogs

82
Q

Organisms that were use as models for vertebrate development:

A

Frog & Zebrafish

CMB - Midterms (5 decks)

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