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Principles of Biology and Lab > Module 5 Patterns of Inheritance > Flashcards

Module 5 Patterns of Inheritance Flashcards

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1
Q

Mendel performed hybridizations by transferring pollen from the _______ of the male plant to the female ova.

A

anther

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2
Q

A __________ is defined as a variation in the physical appearance of a heritable characteristic.

A

trait

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3
Q

In pea plants, smooth seeds (S) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (s). In a genetic cross of two plants that are heterozygous for the seed shape trait, the Punnett square is shown. What is the missing genotype?

A

Ss

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4
Q

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its zygote.

A

false

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5
Q

Individuals with recessive traits are considered heterozygous for that trait.

A

false

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6
Q

If black and white true-breeding mice are mated and the result is all gray offspring, what inheritance pattern would this be indicative of?

A

incomplete dominance

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7
Q

__________ is characterized by the equal, distinct, but simultaneous expression of both parents’ different alleles.

A

codominance

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8
Q

A female carrier of an X-linked recessive disorder can have a daughter who is affected.

A

true

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9
Q

A human male can be a carrier of red-green color blindness.

A

false

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10
Q

The _______ rule states that the probability of two independent events occurring together can be calculated by multiplying the individual probabilities of each event occurring alone.

A

test cross

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11
Q

People with trisomy 21 develop Down’s syndrome. What law of Mendelian inheritance is violated in this disease?

A

the law of segregation

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12
Q

While studying meiosis, you observe that gametes receive one copy of each pair of homologous chromosomes and one copy of the sex chromosomes. This observation is the physical explanation of Mendel’s law of…

A

segregation

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13
Q

Epistasis can occur when a dominant allele masks the expression of a separate gene.

A

true

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14
Q

To test Mendel’s law of independent assortment, you can perform a…

A

dihybrid cross

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15
Q

A dihybrid cross allows us to…

A

Look at two different traits
Demonstrate the law of independent assortment

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16
Q

Linkage is the phenomenon in which alleles that are located in close proximity to each other on the same chromosome are less likely to be inherited together.

A

false

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17
Q

The process of crossover, or______________, occurs when two homologous chromosomes align during meiosis and exchange a segment of genetic material.

A

recombination

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18
Q

In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p) and yellow peas (Y) are dominant to green peas (y). What is a possible phenotype for a cross between PpYY and ppYy pea plants?

A

purple flowers and yellow peas

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19
Q

Which is one of the seven characteristics that Mendel observed in pea plants?

A

seed texture

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20
Q

Use a Punnett square to predict the offspring in a cross between a dwarf pea plant (homozygous recessive) and a tall pea plant (heterozygous). What is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring?

A

1 tall : 1 dwarf

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21
Q

Why was the garden pea an excellent model system for studying inheritance?

A

The garden pea has flowers that close tightly to prevent cross-fertilization.

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22
Q

In a mating between two individuals that are heterozygous for a recessive lethal allele that is expressed in utero, what genotypic ratio (homozygous dominant:heterozygous:homozygous recessive) would you expect to observe in the offspring?

A

1:2:0

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23
Q

Can a human male be a carrier of red-green color blindness?

A

No, males cannot be the carriers of red-green color blindness, as color blindness is X-linked.

24
Q

A recessive trait will be observed in individuals that are ________ for that trait.

A

homozygous

25
Q

Assuming no gene linkage, in a dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb, what percentage of offspring will have the genotype AaBb?

A

100%

26
Q

Which cellular process underlies Mendel’s law of independent assortment?

A

chromosomes align randomly during meiosis

27
Q

A labrador retriever’s fur color is controlled by two alleles, E and B. Any dog with the ee__ genotype develops into a yellow lab, while B_E_ dogs become black labs and bbE_ dogs become chocolate labs. This is an example of…

A

epistasis

28
Q

Alleles that are being masked or silenced are said to be _____________ to the epistatic alleles that are doing the masking.

A

hypostatic

29
Q

When two genes are located in close proximity on the same chromosome, they are considered ________, and their alleles tend to be transmitted through meiosis together.

A

linked

30
Q

X-linked recessive traits in humans (or in Drosophila) are observed…

A

in more males than females

31
Q

The first suggestion that chromosomes may physically exchange segments came from the microscopic identification of…

A

chiasmata

32
Q

A scientist pollinates a true-breeding pea plant with violet, terminal flowers with pollen from a true-breeding pea plant with white, axial flowers. Which of the following observations would most accurately describe the F2 generation?

A

75% violet flowers; 75% axial flowers

33
Q

The observable traits expressed by an organism are described as its ________.

A

phenotype

34
Q

In pea plants, purple flowers (P) are dominant to white flowers (p) and yellow peas (Y) are dominant to green peas (y). What genotype is not possible for a cross between PpYY and ppYy pea plants?

A

PPYy

35
Q

Imagine you are performing a cross involving seed color in garden pea plants. What F1 offspring would you expect if you cross true-breeding parents with green seeds and yellow seeds? Yellow seed color is dominant over green.

A

100 percent yellow seeds

36
Q

If the allele encoding polydactyly (six fingers) is dominant, why do most people have five fingers?

A

The polydactyly allele is very rare in the human population.

37
Q

How many offspring genotypes are expected in a trihybrid cross between parents heterozygous for all three traits when the traits behave in a dominant and recessive pattern? How many phenotypes?

A

27 genotypes; 8 phenotypes

38
Q

Polydactyly is an autosomal dominant condition. Assuming two non-polydactyl individuals have a child, what is the chance of the child having polydactyly?

A

0%

39
Q

In fruit flies, red eye color is dominant to white. A male fruit fly who is homozygous dominant for red eyes is mated with a female fruit fly who is heterozygous for eye color. What is the genotype of the male fruit fly?

A

RR

40
Q

In fruit flies, red eye color is dominant to white. A male fruit fly who is homozygous dominant for red eyes is mated with a female fruit fly who is heterozygous for eye color. What is the phenotype of the male fruit fly?

A

red

41
Q

You are creating a rose garden and aiming to get more variety in the colors of rose you grow. You are able to grow pink roses when cross-pollination between red and white roses in your garden takes place. The red allele is dominant (R) to the white allele (r). If you cross two pink roses, what percent of the flowers in that generation would be red?

A

25%

42
Q

A child is born to a mother with curly hair and a father with straight hair. As the child grows, she develops wavy hair. What is her genotype most likely to be?

A

Cc

43
Q

In fruit flies, red eye color is dominant to white. A male fruit fly who is homozygous dominant for red eyes is mated with a female fruit fly who is heterozygous for eye color. What percentage of their offspring should have red eyes?

A

100%

44
Q

A father has dimples, the mother does not, and all six of their children have dimples. Dimples (D) are dominant over no dimples (d). Give the probable genotypes of the parents and children and the expected percent chance of getting the most likely genotype of the children.

A

Dad DD, Mom dd, Children Dd (100%)

45
Q

In hamsters, the grey coat is dominant to white, and brown eyes are dominant to blue. A male hamster that is heterozygous for coat and eye color is crossed with a female hamster that is heterozygous for coat and eye color. What is the genotype of the male hamster?

A

GgBb

46
Q

In hamsters, the grey coat is dominant to white, and brown eyes are dominant to blue. A In hamsters, the grey coat is dominant to white, and brown eyes are dominant to blue. A male hamster that is heterozygous for coat and eye color is crossed with a female hamster that is heterozygous for coat and eye color. What is the phenotype of the male hamster?

A

grey coat, brown eyes

47
Q

In hamsters, the grey coat (G) is dominant to white (g), and brown eyes (B) are dominant to blue (b). A male hamster that is heterozygous for coat and eye color is crossed with a female hamster that is heterozygous for coat and eye color. What is the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

A

9 grey brown, 3 grey blue, 3 white brown, 1 white blue

48
Q

A child is born to a mother with type A blood. The father’s blood type is known to be B. Which of the following is NOT a possible genotype the child could have for blood type?

A

AA

49
Q

A child with type O blood is born to a mother with type A blood. What is the genotype of the mother?

A

AO

50
Q

A child with type O blood is born to a mother with type A blood. What are the possible genotypes of the father?

A

AO, BO, or OO

51
Q

Colorblindness is a recessive sex-linked trait. A woman is colorblind. If she is married to a man with normal vision, what are the chances of her offspring being colorblind or carriers?

A

All sons will be colorblind, and all daughters will be carriers.

52
Q

Colorblindness is a recessive sex-linked trait. A husband and wife both have normal vision. The wife gives birth to a colorblind daughter. What does this lead you to deduce?

A

the husband is not the father

53
Q

Colorblindness is a recessive sex-linked trait. Both the mother and father of a colorblind male appear to have normal vision. Based on this, what must be true about the mother?

A

she must be a carrier of colorblindness

54
Q

There has been a mix-up at the hospital, and it is unclear which infant belongs to which set of parents. Right now, the hospital has blood type information but has not done any DNA analysis. However, the parents are very upset and want to know immediately which child is theirs. You look at the blood type data and realize that you can quickly solve the problem. Based on the information below, which baby belongs to which parents?

Baby 1, Type O
Baby 2, Type B
Mrs. Doe, Type A
Mr. Doe, Type A
Mrs. Jones, Type A
Mrs. Jones, Type AB

A

Baby 1 is a Doe, and Baby 2 is a Jones.

55
Q

Grey is dominant to white in hamsters. A grey and white hamster were crossed, and they produced all grey hamsters. Then, these were crossed to make an F2 generation. 75% of the F2 generation hamsters were grey, and 25% were white. What was the genotype of the F1 generation grey hamsters?

A

Gg

56
Q

In the 1950s, a woman sued a famous actor for parental support for her illegitimate child. Blood tests were done on all involved. The mother had type A blood, the child had type O blood, and the actor had type AB blood. What can you conclude?

A

the actor was definitely not the father

57
Q

In hamsters, the grey coat is dominant to white, and brown eyes are dominant to blue. A male hamster that is homozygous recessive for coat and eye color is crossed with a female hamster that is homozygous recessive for coat and eye color. What is the phenotypic ratio of their offspring?

A

all white hamsters with blue eyes

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