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Principles of Biology and Lab > Module 2 The Cell > Flashcards

Module 2 The Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

__________ coined the term “cell” for the box-like structures he observed when viewing cork tissue through a lens.

A

robert hooke

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2
Q

Living cells can be viewed with an electron microscope.

A

false

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3
Q

Electron microscopes provide higher magnification, higher resolution, and more detail than light microscopes.

A

true

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4
Q

The inversion phenomenon refers to how, when looking through a microscope, what you think of as the “top” of the image is actually the bottom of the slide, and what you think of as the “right” is actually left.

A

true

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5
Q

The __________ is the entire area that is seen when looking through an eyepiece.

A

field of view

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6
Q

__________ is the factor by which any image appears to be enlarged.

A

magnification

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7
Q

Bacteria that lack fimbriae are less likely to __________.

A

adhere to cell surfaces

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8
Q

Because protein synthesis is an essential function of all cells, there are ____________ in practically every cell.

A

ribosomes

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9
Q

____________ is the green pigment that captures the light energy that drives the light reactions of photosynthesis.

A

chlorophyll

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10
Q

The endomembrane system is a group of organelles and membranes in eukaryotic cells that work together modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins.

A

true

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11
Q

In blood cells, a specialized smooth ER, the sarcoplasmic reticulum, is responsible for storing calcium ions that are needed to trigger the coordinated contractions.

A

false

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12
Q

The rough ER modifies proteins that may eventually be incorporated in cell membranes.

A

true

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13
Q

While both animal and plant cells have microtubule organizing centers (MTOCs), animal cells also have centrioles associated with the MTOC: a complex we call the _________.

A

centrosome

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14
Q

Animal cells have a cell wall.

A

false

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15
Q

An animal cell is _________

A

eukaryotic

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16
Q

In osmosis, water always moves from an area of lower water concentration to one of higher concentration.

A

false

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17
Q

Farmers need to consider the salinity of soil, because in high saline soil, water will be drawn out of root cells causing the cells to shrivel and the plant to die.

A

true

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18
Q

Active transport moves substances down their concentration gradients. They may cross the plasma membrane with the aid of channel proteins.

A

false

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19
Q

What is the combination of an electrical gradient and a concentration gradient called?

A

electrochemical gradient

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20
Q

Which transport mechanism can bring whole cells into a cell?

A

phagocytosis

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21
Q

Which of the following organelles relies on exocytosis to complete its function?

A

golgi apparatus

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22
Q

Which of the following organisms is a prokaryote?

A

e. coli

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23
Q

The process by which a cell engulfs a foreign particle is known as…

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

The major organic molecule in the plant (and some protists’) cell wall is _______.

A

cellulose

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25
Q

In what important way does receptor-mediated endocytosis differ from phagocytosis?

A

it brings in only a specific targeted substance

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26
Q

In plant cells, the function of the lysosomes is carried out by __________.

A

vacuoles

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27
Q

What problem is faced by organisms that live in freshwater?

A

their bodies tend to take in too much water

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28
Q

Which of the following is not a component of the endomembrane system?

A

mitochondrion

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29
Q

Many viruses enter host cells through receptor-mediated endocytosis. What is an advantage of this entry strategy?

A

the virus only enters its target host cell type

30
Q

The ___________ plays a key role in regulating the cell’s concentration of water in changing environmental conditions.

A

central vacuole

31
Q

The _____________ is the cell organelle that houses the cell’s DNA and directs ribosome and protein synthesis.

A

nucleus

32
Q

Which of the following would most effectively be visualized with a scanning electron microscope?

A

details of structures inside cells

33
Q

Water moves via osmosis _________.

A

from an area with a high concentration of water to one of lower concentration

34
Q

What happens to the membrane of a vesicle after exocytosis?

A

It fuses with and becomes part of the plasma membrane.

35
Q

When viewing a specimen through a light microscope, scientists use ________ to distinguish the individual components of cells.

A

special stains

36
Q

Which of the following is most likely to have the greatest concentration of smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

a cell that makes steroid hormones

37
Q

Which of the following is surrounded by two phospholipid bilayers?

A

the nucleoplasm

38
Q

Which of the following is both in eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

A

ribosomes

39
Q

The turgor pressure within a plant cell depends on the ______ of the solution that it is bathed in.

A

tonicity

40
Q

Who was the first to clearly identify and name individual cells as animalcules?

A

anton van leeuwenhoek

41
Q

The ___________ is a rigid covering that protects the cell, provides structural support, and gives shape to the cell.

A

cell wall

42
Q

Active transport must function continuously because __________.

A

diffusion is constantly moving solutes in opposite directions

43
Q

Prokaryotes depend on __________ to obtain some materials and to get rid of wastes.

A

diffusion

44
Q

Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a growing class of rare diseases. Which organelle would be most commonly involved in the glycoprotein disorder portion of the group?

A

golgi apparatus

45
Q

How does the sodium-potassium pump make the interior of the cell negatively charged?

A

by expelling more cations than are taken in

46
Q

The principal determinant of the direction of movement in diffusion is the __________.

A

concentration gradient

47
Q

Which of the following statements is part of the cell theory?

A

All living organisms are made of cells.

48
Q

The chloroplasts contain a green pigment called ________.

A

chlorophyll

49
Q

__________ moves through a membrane in osmosis because there is a concentration gradient across the membrane of solute and solvent.

A

water

50
Q

The ________ is the basic unit of life.

A

cell

51
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that results in the destruction of neurons due to a buildup of sphingolipids in the cells. Which organelle is malfunctioning with Tay-Sachs?

A

lysosome

52
Q

A researcher examined the effect of aspirin on heart rate in humans. He gathered data from 5,000 individuals and took their heart rates at the start of the experiment. He continued to measure their heart rates every day for 30 days. For each of those 30 days, 2,500 individuals took 5 mg of aspirin daily, and 2,500 individuals took 10 mg of aspirin daily. What is his control for this experiment?

A

the heart rate of the individuals at the start of the experiment

53
Q

In your experiment on the effect of heart rate, you measured your heart rate in beats per minute as well as how difficult it was for you to breathe after each exercise. What was the qualitative observation in your study?

A

the level of difficulty breathing

54
Q

A researcher is interested in the effect of stress on college students. She gives them a survey and asks a number of questions. Which of these questions would provide quantitative data for her study?

A

how many days have you missed class due to stress

55
Q

A researcher is conducting a qualitative study about the levels of anxiety in college students. She asks each student to keep a diary where they record their thoughts about anxiety during weeks when they have exams and weeks when they do not. Based on the data she is collecting, which of these hypotheses is she testing?

A

students report higher levels of stress during exam weeks

56
Q

Like many other animals, giant pandas have a tendency to mark their territory by urinating on trees. Also, like many other animals, they will make efforts to appear larger than other giant pandas by urinating as high on the tree as possible to appear bigger. Unlike other animals, giant pandas have taken this to the extreme by doing handstands when they mark the trees. Locals say that the pandas prefer urinating on trees with soft, mossy bark to trees with rough, coarse bark. You decide to design an experiment to test this local hypothesis. What is the independent variable of your experiment?

A

type of tree bark (soft or course)

57
Q

Like many other animals, giant pandas have a tendency to mark their territory by urinating on trees. Also, like many other animals, they will make efforts to appear larger than other giant pandas by urinating as high on the tree as possible to appear bigger. Unlike other animals, giant pandas have taken this to the extreme by doing handstands when they mark the trees. Locals say that the female pandas are shorter and therefore, cannot urinate as high on the tree. You decide to design an experiment to test this local hypothesis. What is the independent variable of your experiment?

A

sex of the panda (male or female)

58
Q

A student wants to test the following hypothesis: “Higher levels of the pesticide Atrazine will cause increased mortality in human cells.” He places 15 cells in one well plate and adds 0.2 ng of Atrazine to each well, 15 cells in a well plate with 0.4 ng of Atrazine added, and 15 cells in a well plate with 0.6 ng of Atrazine added. The cells are kept in the same incubator prior to treatment with Atrazine. He then counts the number of cells alive in each well plate after 48 hours. Based on his data, he concludes that higher levels of Atrazine are more deadly to human cells. What is wrong with his experiment?

A

he has no control group

59
Q

A researcher is testing the idea that a high-fat diet will cause increased hair growth and smoother hair in hamsters. What is the best description of her dependent variables?

A

Smoothness of hair is a qualitative dependent variable.

60
Q

In your experiment on the effect of heart rate, you decided to compare the heart rates of six different individuals. Two of them are over the age of 60, two are between ages 30-60, and two are between ages 20-30. What is the most likely hypothesis for your experiment?

A

age will have a significant impact on heart rate

61
Q

A researcher examined the effect of aspirin on heart rate in humans. He gathered data from 5,000 individuals and took their heart rates at the start of the experiment. He continued to measure their heart rates every day for 30 days. For each of those 30 days, 2,500 individuals took 5 mg of aspirin daily, and 2,500 individuals took 10 mg of aspirin daily. What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

A

heart rate

62
Q

You are using the virtual microscope and see a cell with a clear nucleus and organelles, but it lacks a cell wall. Based on the options below, what organism does this cell come from?

A

giraffe

63
Q

You are using the virtual microscope to look at onion root tip cells. You know that these are plant cells, but you do not see chloroplasts. Why not?

A

Onion root tip cells are below ground and do not photosynthesize, so they lack chloroplasts.

64
Q

As the magnification of the microscope __________, the field of view __________.

A

increases; decreases

65
Q

You are watching a paramecium swim under the microscope, and it is swimming to the left of center under the 4X objective. When you switch to the 10X objective, you can no longer see the paramecium, even when the image is in focus. What has happened?

A

When you increased the magnification, the field of view decreased, leaving you to look at the center of the image, leaving the paramecium off to the left.

66
Q

Using the virtual microscope, you see the picture above. What type of cells are these?

A

plant

67
Q

Using the virtual microscope, you see the picture above. How would you predict that these cells make sugar?

A

they carry out photosynthesis

68
Q

You are using the virtual microscope with the 4X objective and move the fine focus knob as far as it will go, but still cannot get the image into focus. What is wrong?

A

You need to start with coarse focus when focusing on the image the first time.

69
Q

You are using the virtual microscope with the 10X objective. You observe a cluster of cells arranged in a haphazard manner. What is the total magnification of the image you are viewing?

A

100X

70
Q

You are using the virtual microscope and find a cell that is square in shape, and has a nucleus, organelles, and chloroplasts. What type of organism does this cell most likely come from?

A

elodea

71
Q

You are using the virtual microscope to look at cells of corals. You find that as you look at the coral cells, there are other, smaller cells between the coral cells. These smaller cells are green in color and are a type of algae called zooxanthellae. They seem to provide energy to the coral, because the coral die without them (this is called coral bleaching). Based on what you know about cell types, how would you predict that the algae are helping the coral?

A

The algae carry out photosynthesis and, thus, help the coral get more energy.

Principles of Biology and Lab (11 decks)

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