Module 3 Capturing and Converting Energy Flashcards
Exergonic describes chemical reactions where the products have a higher free energy than the reactants.
false
Potential energy refers to the potential to do work.
true
Energy is stored long-term in the bonds of _____ and used short-term to perform work for a(n)_____.
glucose, ATP
When an enzyme catalyzes a reaction…
it lowers the activation energy of the reaction
__________ are used for optimal regulation of enzymes.
both of these
Enzymes are used up in chemical reactions.
false
During the second half of glycolysis, what occurs?
ATP is made
Aerobic respiration is the process in which organisms convert energy in the presence of oxygen.
true
The citric acid cycle takes place in the inner mitochondrial membrane of the nucleus.
false
In the electron transport chain, the free energy is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane.
true
ATP synthase is a membrane-embedded protein complex that regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it.
true
Cellular respiration must be regulated in order to provide balanced amounts of energy in the form of ATP.
true
Some organisms thrive in environments with little or no oxygen.
true
Anaerobic respiration yields more ATP than aerobic respiration.
false
Which of the following components is not used by both plants and cyanobacteria to carry out photosynthesis?
chloroplasts
What two main products result from photosynthesis?
sugars/carbohydrates and oxygen
In which compartment of the plant cell do the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis take place?
stroma
Which of the following structures is not a component of a photosystem?
ATP synthase
The overall function of light-dependent reactions is to convert solar energy into chemical energy in the form of NADPH and ATP.
true
Chlorophylls and carotenoids are the two major classes of photosynthetic pigments found in plants and algae.
true
Where in eukaryotic cells does the Calvin cycle take place?
chloroplast stroma
What is the product of the Calvin cycle?
glucose
Which of the following organisms is a heterotroph?
intestinal bacteria
DNA replication involves unwinding two strands of parent DNA, copying each strand to synthesize complementary strands, and releasing the parent and daughter DNA. Which of the following accurately describes this process?
this is an anabolic process
Consider a pendulum swinging. Which type(s) of energy is/are associated with the pendulum in the following instances: i. the moment at which it completes one cycle, just before it begins to fall back towards the other end, ii. the moment that it is in the middle between the two ends, and iii. just before it reaches the end of one cycle (just before instant i.)
i. potential, ii. kinetic, iii. potential and kinetic
Scientists use the term __________________ to discuss the concept of energy flow through living systems, such as cells.
bioenergetics
______________________ refers to the study of energy and energy transfer involving physical matter.
thermodynamics
Scientists call reactions that have a negative ?G, and consequently release free energy, _______________.
exergonic reactions
The energy currency used by cells is _____.
ATP
The glucose that enters the glycolysis pathway is split into two molecules of _________.
pyruvate
______________is the process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH.
glycolysis
Glycolysis is an ________ process.
anaerobic
______________________is comprised of adenosine bound to three phosphate groups.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
chemiosmosis involves…
the movement of hydrogen ions across a mitochondrial membrane.
How many NADH molecules are produced on each turn of the citric acid cycle?
three
Chemiosmosis is used to generate ____ percent of the ATP made during aerobic glucose catabolism.
90
The _______________ is the last component of aerobic respiration.
electron transport chain
The final acceptor of electrons is…
oxygen
Which of the following fermentation methods can occur in animal skeletal muscles?
lactic acid fermentation
The control of which enzyme exerts the most control on glycolysis?
phosphofructokinase
The fermentation method used by animals and certain bacteria, such as those in yogurt, is…
lactic acid fermentation
Lactic acid fermentation occurs frequently in _________ that have run out of oxygen, such that it is not a cause for concern.
muscle cells
Alcohol fermentation produces…
alcohol
Predict the end result if a chloroplast’s light-independent enzymes developed a mutation that prevented them from activating in response to light.
ATP and NADPH accumulation
How are the NADPH and GA3P molecules made during photosynthesis similar?
they both store energy in chemical bonds
What are the roles of ATP and NADPH in photosynthesis?
ATP and NADPH are forms of chemical energy produced from the light-dependent reactions to be used in the light-independent reactions that produce sugars.
On a hot, dry day, plants close their stomata to conserve water. What impact will this have on photosynthesis?
The rate of photosynthesis will be inhibited as the level of carbon dioxide decreases.
Where would photosynthetic organisms likely be placed on a food web within most ecosystems?
at the base
How many photons does it take to fully reduce one molecule of NADP+ to NADPH?
2
Which complex is not involved in the establishment of conditions for ATP synthesis?
photosystem II
From which component of the light-dependent reactions does NADPH form most directly?
photosystem I
Plants containing only chlorophyll b are exposed to radiation with the following wavelengths: 10 nm (x-rays), 450 nm (blue light), 670 nm (red light), and 800 nm (infrared light). Which plants harness the most energy for photosynthesis?
blue light irradiated lights
What is the source of electrons for the chloroplast electron transport chain?
water
which of the following statements is true?
In photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide are reactants. G3P and oxygen are products.
Which molecule must enter the Calvin cycle continually for the light-independent reactions to take place?
CO₂
which statement correctly describes carbon fixation?
the conversion of CO2 into an organic compound
Energy can be stored in molecules like ATP, but why are carbohydrates used instead?
carbohydrates are much more stable and efficient reservoirs for chemical energy
Why are carnivores, such as lions, dependent on photosynthesis to survive?
because the prey of lions are generally herbivores which depend on autotrophs
