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Reviewer Histology Lecture > Module 5 Nervous tissue Part 2 > Flashcards

Module 5 Nervous tissue Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

To process and coordinate:
o sensory data from inside and outside of
body

A

Brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

To process and coordinate:
motor commands: control activities of
peripheral organs ex: skeletal muscles,
glands,etc

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

To process and coordinate:
higher functions of brain: intelligence,
memory, learning, emotion

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Major region of CNS

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Cerebellum
  3. Spinal cord
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5
Q

Covered by 3 layers of connective tissue

A

Meninges

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6
Q

with very small amount of collagen
or fibrous tissue which make them delicate
and damaged easily due to injuries in the
cranial and vertebral bones that protects
them

A

Meninges

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7
Q

made by
regions of the nervous
system containing
groupings of myelinated
axons, composed of
capillaries, neuroglia,
nerve fibers

A

White matter

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8
Q

mainly
comprised of groups of
neuron cell bodies,
dendrites & synapses
(connections between
neurons)

A

Gray mater

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9
Q

membranes made up of connective
tissues that brain tissues from cranial bone

A

Meninges

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10
Q

3 layers of meninges

A
  1. Dura
  2. Arachnoid
  3. Pia matter
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11
Q

Composed of dense fibroelastic connective tissue
that continue to the periosteum of the cranial
bone

A

Dura matter

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12
Q
  • All internal surface of dura mater and external or
    spinal cord is surrounded by simple squamous
    epithelium that originated from mesenchyme
A

Dura matter

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13
Q
  • Subdural space separate dura mater from the
    arachnoid
A

Dura matter

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14
Q

connective tissue sheet in contact with
dura mater and collagen and fibroblast arranged
loosely , with collagen and fibroblast

A

Arachnoid

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15
Q

Connective tissue in the …………..has no capillaries
to supply nutrients but it has larger blood vessels

A

Arachnoid

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16
Q

sponge-like cavity filled with
CSF, surrounds the trabeculae. It serve as cushion
that protect CNS from trauma

A

Subarachnoid

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17
Q

a CSF filled projection covered by
endothelial cells, serve as site for absorption of CSF into the blood

A

Arachnoid villi

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18
Q

Composed of flattened cells closely lined
in the surface of CNS tissue

A

Pia matter

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19
Q

It does not directly connect with the
nerve cells or fibers

A

Pia matter

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20
Q

Completely enveloped the Cerebral
arteries and veins travel in the
subarachnoid space

A

Pia matter

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21
Q

composed of capillary endothelial cells,
protects neuron and glia from toxins,
infectious agents and other substances

A

Blood brain barrier

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22
Q

– Composed of highly vascularized tissue with
prominent folds and villi projecting into 4
large ventricles of the brain

A

Choroid plexus

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23
Q

– Function is to remove water from blood and
release it as CSF

A

Choroid plexus

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24
Q

largest part of human brain

A

Cerebrum or cortex

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25
Q

associated w/ higher brain function: thought and action

A

Cerebrum or cortex

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26
Q
  • involved in coordination of voluntary motor movement,
    balance and equilibrium and muscle tone
A

Cerebellum or little brain

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27
Q

Layer of gray matter that
constitutes the outer layer of
the cerebrum and is responsible for
integrating sensory impulses and for higher
intellectual functions

A

Cerebral cortex

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28
Q

6 Layers of the cerebrum

A
  1. Molecular or plexiform layer
    2.External granular layer
    3.External pyramidal layer:
    4.Internal granular layer:
    5.Internal pyramidal layer or ganglionic layer (Betz cells)
    6.Multiform layer:
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29
Q
  • chiefly composed of cell processes.
A

Molecular or plexiform layer

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30
Q
  • contains small pyramidal cells and numerous closely packed stellate cells
A

External granular layer

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31
Q
  • Composed mainly of large pyramidal cells and some stellate cells
A

External pyramidal layer

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32
Q

: consists of closely packed stellate cells

A

Internal granular layer

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33
Q
  • contains large pyramidal cells., stellate cells and Martinotti cells
A

Internal pyramidal layer or ganglionic layer (Betz cells)

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34
Q

contains neurons of many shapes.,pyramidal
cells, stellate cells and Martinotti cells

A

.Multiform layer

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35
Q

Cells of the Cerebral cortex

A
  • Pyramidal cells
  • Non pyramidal cells
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36
Q

cells of Non pyramidal cells

A
  1. stellate cells ( granular cells)
  2. Horizontal cells
  3. Martinotti cells
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37
Q

The most numerous neurons in the cerebral
cortex

A

Pyramidal cell

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38
Q

multipolar neuron, large vesicular nucleus

A

Pyramidal cell

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39
Q

one main apical dendrites that run
towards the most superficial part of the
cerebral cortex and some other smaller
dendrites

A

Pyramidal cell

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40
Q

arises from the center of base and
runs in the white mater

A

Axon

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41
Q

also called as granule cells
because of their small size

A

Stellate cells

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42
Q

found in most superficial layer

A

Horizontal cells

43
Q

found in the deeper layers

A

Martinotti cells

44
Q

Cerebellum:3 layers of cerebellar cortex

A
  1. Molecular layer
  2. Purkinje cells
  3. Granular layer
45
Q

Cell population is low
 Mainly composed of cell processes
 Stellate cells and basket cells are present here

A

Molecular layer

46
Q

Large, multipolar neurons
 Vesicular nucleus with a prominent nucleolus
 Large number of Nissl granules in the cytoplasm

A

Purkinje fiber

47
Q

Population of small neurons are called

A

Granule cells

48
Q

appear as closely packed nuclei, stain deeply basophilic

A

Granule cells

49
Q

Golgi type II cells are also present

A

Granular layer

50
Q

short axon which make synapse with terminal branches
of Mossy fibers

A

Granular layer

51
Q

 sends sensations to brain from the body

A

Spinal cord

52
Q

 returns motor commands to the various parts
of the body

A

Spinal cord

53
Q

 has primary role in reflexes and in autonomic
nervous system

A

Spinal cord

54
Q

Central canal is present lined by

A

Ependymal cells

55
Q

shaped arrangement of gray
matter

A

Inner butterfly

56
Q

Nerve made up of bundle of axons, CT and blood
vessels

A

Peripheral Nervous System

57
Q

Carry sensory information and motor
commands in PNS ( into and out of the
CNS).

A

Peripheral nervous system

58
Q

2 categories of Peripheral nervous system

A
  1. Cranial nerves
  2. Spinal nerves
59
Q

connected to the brain

A

Cranial nerves

60
Q

attached to spinal cord

A

spinal nerves

61
Q

helps bring information in and helps carry
direction that are given to it by the brain
out of the CNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

62
Q

Functional division of PNS

A
  1. Afferent division ( Accessing)
  2. Efferent division ( Exiting)
63
Q

carries
sensory information from
PNS to CNS

A

Afferent division (Accessing)

64
Q

carries motor
commands out of CNS to
PNS muscles glands and
other tissues

A

Efferent division (Exiting)

65
Q

2 parts of the Afferent division

A
  1. Receptors
  2. Effectors
66
Q

pick up a change or stimulus

A

Afferent division

67
Q
  • bring the information to the CNS for
    interpretation
A

Afferent division

68
Q

neuron and specialized cells

A

Afferent division

69
Q

Afferent division complex sensory organs Ex:

A

eyes, ears, etc

70
Q

respond to afferent signals or to the information
picked up by the receptors

A

Efferent division

71
Q
  • cells and organs
A

Efferent division

72
Q

2 parts of the Efferent division

A
  1. Somatic nervous system
  2. Autonomic nervous system
73
Q

controls skeletal muscle contraction

A

Somatic nervous system

74
Q

voluntary and involuntary muscle
contractions (reflexes)

A

Somatic nervous system

75
Q

control subconscious actions, contractions
of smooth and cardiac muscles and
glandular secretions

A

Autonomic nervous system

76
Q

“Fight or Flight response”– has a
stimulating effect

A

Sympathetic

77
Q

“rest and digest” – has a
relaxing effect

A

Parasympathetic

78
Q

Serve as relay station to transmit nerve
impulses

A

PNS Ganglia

79
Q

– large cell bodies has thin sheetlike
extension of small glial satellite cell

A

Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia

80
Q

Supported by connective tissue capsule

A

Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia

81
Q

receive impulses to be delivered to CNS

A

Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia

82
Q

example of Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia

A

Dorsal root of ganglia

83
Q

– clusters of neuron cell bodies that
transmit sensory signals from the
periphery to the integration centers in the
CNS

A

Autonomic Ganglia/ Visceral or Peripheral Motor
Ganglia

84
Q

Nerves that effect the activity of smooth
muscles, all involuntary activities like
secretion of glands, heart rate

A

Autonomic Ganglia/ Visceral or Peripheral Motor ganglia

85
Q

two types of PNS ganglia

A
  1. Central Sensory or cranio-spinal ganglia
  2. Autonomic Ganglia/ Visceral or Peripheral Motor
    Ganglia
86
Q

3 Peripheral nerve endings:

A
  1. Ending in epithelium
  2. Endings in connective tissue
  3. Endings in musc
87
Q

Endings in Epithelium- Example
T
N
F

A

Tactile Disc of Merkel (for touch)
neuroepithelium in taste buds,
free nerve endings

88
Q

Endings in Connective tissues- Example
M
R

A

Meissner’s corpuscles (for touch),
Ruffini’s cylinder (for heat)

89
Q

Endings in Muscles
( found in ends of efferent
nerves in contact with muscles, glands)

A

Motor nerve endings

90
Q

Endings in muscle
( arising from ganglia of
spinal cord and cerebral nerves)

A

Sensory nerve endings

91
Q

outer tube like layer of dense
irregular CT

A

Epineurium

92
Q

encases fascicle thicker and more resistant than epineurium

A

Perineurium

93
Q

encloses nerve fiber

A

Endoneurium

94
Q

-thin cytoplasmic covering
- produced by Schwann cells

A

Neurolemma/ sheath of Schwann

95
Q

regular interval interruption
of myelin over whole length of axon

A

Nodes of Ranvier

96
Q

Classification of Nerve Fibers

A
  • Medullated nerve fibers w/ neurolemma
  • Medullated nerve fibers w/o neurolemma
  • Non – Medullated nerve fibers w/ neurolemma
  • Non – Medullated nerve fibers w/o
    neurolemma
97
Q

white, multi layered, fatty covering for some
nerve processes

A

Myelin Sheath (Medullary Sheath)

98
Q

arranged in segments, separated by Nodes of
Ranvier (enables salutatory conduction)

A

Myelin Sheath (Medullary Sheath)

98
Q

segment b/w 2 nodes of Ranvier

A

Internode

99
Q

In fixed preparation, myelin darkened by Osmium
tetroxide or Weigert’s staining method

A

Myelin sheath (Medullary Sheath)

100
Q

Weigert’s staining method result

A

The axon (lipoprotein complex)remained unstained

101
Q

Function of Myelin sheath (Medullary sheath)

A

Insulation of nerve process
Increased speed of conduction

102
Q

– the glial cell does not form the wrapping of
the myelin sheath

A

Unmyelininated Fibers

103
Q
  • With the absence of rudolf myelin sheath,
    nodes of Ranvier are not visible
A

Unmyelininated Fibers

Reviewer Histology Lecture (4 decks)

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