Module 5 - Mitosis Flashcards
Cell division is also called
cell multiplication
Cell division starts with interphase, which has three subphases: ,, and _..
G1, S, and G2
Cell division starts with _, which has three subphases: G1, S, and G2.
Interphase
Then, _ follows with the next four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
Mitosis
Then, mitosis follows with the next four phases: _, _, _, and _.
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
_ are found in different stages of cell division. These monitor cell division, ensuring its smooth process.
Checkpoints
In interphase, G stands for _ because it was initially believed that nothing significant was happening at this stage.
gap
There’s several important processes taking place in the cell in preparation for mitosis. In G1, the cell synthesizes _ and _, which are needed for chromosome replication.
mRNA and proteins
In G1, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins, which are needed for _.
chromosome replication
Two checkpoints in G1
- G1 DNA-damage checkpoint
- restriction checkpoint
This evaluates the DNA’s integrity. Damaged DNA results in the accumulation of p53 proteins that can trigger either cell cycle arrest or apoptosis.
G1 DNA-damage checkpoint
These are tumor-suppressing proteins that help in regulating the cell cycle.
p53 proteins
p53 proteins are also called
TP53
A process of programmed cell death. Thus, DNA with irreparable damage does not proceed to the next phase.
Apoptosis
Evaluates the cell’s capability to undergo cell division. If the cell is ready, it will proceed to the S phase.
restriction checkpoint
If the cell in G1 is ready, it will proceed to the?
S phase
If the cell isn’t ready, the cell goes to?
G0
Cells in G0 are either_ or _.
quiescent (dormant) or senescent (aging or deteriorating)
These cells may go back to cell division with the proper stimulus.
Quiescent
One reason cells become _ is due to damaged DNA.
Senescent
In this phase, chromosomes are replicated. This means that there is twice the actual DNA now present in the cell.
S (synthesis) phase
Each chromosome consists of _.
two chromatids
This is one copy of a newly copied chromosome.
chromatid
The chromosomes will become visible only in? At this point, you will not be able to see the chromosomes during an ordinary light microscope.
prophase
This monitors the replication process during this phase.
S DNA-damage checkpoint
At this point, the cell rapidly grows and protein synthesis continues.
G2 Phase
This ensures that DNA synthesis is complete before proceeding to mitosis.
unreplicated DNA checkpoint
This checks activities in G2 to ensure its proper flow.
G2 DNA-damage checkpoint
