2nd Semester - Muscles in the Human Biology Flashcards
Extend the hip and flex the knee. They also help stabilize the knee and hip joints during walking.
Hamstring
The _ muscles are a group of three muscles that run down the back of the thigh from the hip to the lower leg. They are responsible for extending the leg and bending the knee
Hamstring
Three hamstring muscles:
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
Flexes the knee, extends the thigh, and rotates the lower leg
Biceps femoris
Flexes the knee, extends the thigh, and rotates the hip and lower leg
Semimembranosus
Functions similarly to the semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
_ or _ the hamstrings can cause injury
Stretching or overloading
Mild strains can be treated with _ and _
rest; over-the-counter pain medication
_ can help loosen the hamstrings
Massage therapy
_ can help with tight hamstrings
Physical therapy
_ can reduce inflammation and pain
Hot or cold packs
Extend the leg at the knee and flex the thigh at the hip. They also help stabilize the knee.
Quadriceps
The quadriceps are a group of four muscles in the front of the thigh that extend the leg. They are some of the body’s largest and strongest muscle.
What are those four muscles?
rectus fermosis
vastus laterasis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis
The quadriceps femoris is a _ and _.
hip flexor and a knee extensor
They form the main bulk of the thigh, and collectively are one of the most powerful muscles in the body. It is located in the anterior compartment of the thigh
Quadriceps
A muscle serving to bend a body part (as a limb)
Flexor
A muscle serving to extend a body part (as a leg or body arm)
Extensor
One of the four quadriceps muscles, it crosses both the hip and knee joints.
Rectus fermosis
Located on the lateral side of the thigh, it helps extend the knee.
Vastus laterasis
Located deep and intermediately to the other two vastus muscles, it helps extend the knee
Vastus intermedius
Also known as the vastus medialis oblique (VMO), it helps extend the knee and stabilize the kneecap
Vastus medialis
The quadriceps help with movements such as ,,,.
walking, running, squatting, and jumping
Quadriceps connect to the _ via the quadriceps tendon.
patella
_ are an exercise that primarily target the quadriceps
Lunges
Involved in walking and posture. They affect the lower limb, hip, and lumbar area.
Gastrocnemius
Gastrocnemius was derived from the Greek words “”, meaning stomach or belly, and “”, meaning leg
gaster;
The _ muscle is a complex muscle that is fundamentally involved in walking and posture. It affects the entire lower limb and the movement of the hip and the lumbar area.
gastrocnemius
It is a muscular district called to work during daily and sports activities and maintain _.
It is the medical term for an upright standing position.
orthostatism
_ is a condition that causes a sudden drop in blood pressure when standing up.
Orthostatic hypotension
Symptoms of Orthostatic Hypotension
Dizziness
Light-headedness
Fainting
Confusion
Blurred vision
The gastrocnemius is a large muscle in the back of the calf that helps with _, _, and _.
It’s the most superficial muscle in the leg and makes up most of the calf muscle.
walking, posture, and running
Where is the gastrocnemius located?
Located in the back of the lower leg, just under the skin
How many heads does the gastrocnemius have?
Has two heads that start on the inside and outside of the thighbone
Where is the gastrocnemius attached to?
Attaches to the Achilles tendon
Functions of gastrocnemius
Involved in walking, posture, running, and jumping
• Pulls the heel up and extends the foot downward
• Provides the propelling force in running and jumping
Help move the arms in different directions and stabilize the shoulder joint.
Your _ cover the top of your shoulder. They help you lift your arm to front, side and back.
deltoid muscles
The ball-and-socket joint that connects your arm to the trunk of your body. Where the deltoid muscles are located.
Shoulders
Deltoid muscles work alongside your other shoulder muscles, such as the _, to help you perform a variety of movements.
rotator cuff muscles
Deltoid muscle functions include:
- Arm abduction
- Compensation for lost arm strength
- Flexion
- Stabilization of your shoulder joint
_ which means raising your arm out to the side of your body.
Arm Abduction
_ if you have an injury, such as a rotator cuff tear.
_ (moving your arm forward, toward an overhead position) and extension (moving your arm backward, behind your body).
Flexion
_ to prevent dislocations as you lift your arm or while you carry weight with your arms at your side.
Stabilization of shoulder joint
The rotator cuff is a group of muscles and tendons that surrounds your shoulder. It holds your _ (upper arm bone) in place in its socket in your _ (shoulder blade).
humerus; scapula
_ happen when something pushes the bones in your shoulder joint out of their usual place. Falls, sports injuries and car accidents are the most common causes.
Dislocations
Help extend and abduct the thigh. They also help adduct, internally rotate, and externally rotate the thigh.
The _ are the muscles in the buttocks that make up the gluteal region.
gluteal muscles
Gluteal muscles include:
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
• The largest and most superficial of the three gluteal muscles
• Helps maintain posture and extend the hip
• A key muscle for daily activities, athletic performance, and joint stability
Gluteus maximus
• The middle layer of the gluteal muscles
• Helps abduct the hip
• Works with the gluteus minimus to stabilize the pelvis
Gluteus medius
• The smallest of the gluteal muscles
• Helps abduct and internally rotate the hip
Gluteus minimus
Functions of gluteal muscles
stabilization of pelvis and upper body
hip extension
locomotion
abduction
external rotation
internal rotation of the thigh
Gluteal muscle tears are common injuries that can cause _.
chronic or acute hip pain
– develop gradually and are long-term
Chronic
Examples of chronic diseases
diabetes
heart disease
arthritis
cancer
high blood pressure
Alzheimer’s disease
chronic kidney disease
_ conditions develop suddenly and are short-term
Acute
Examples of acute conditions:
common cold
flu
broken bones
food poisoning
urinary tract infections
appendicitis
Strong gluteal muscles help with:
• acceleration
• jumping
• heavy lifting
• running
Assists in depressing the arm, extending the shoulder, and internally rotating the shoulder.
A large muscle that stretches across the lower back. It’s one of the body’s largest muscles and is primarily responsible for movement of the upper extremities.
Latissimus dorsi
Latissimus dorsi is also known as?
Lats
Functions of latissimus dorsi:
Shoulder adduction: Draws the arm toward the body
Shoulder extension: Extends the arm at the shoulder
Respiratory assistance: Helps with breathing
Location of latissimus dorsi:
the majority of the back and Stretches across the lower posterior thorax
The _ is a fan-shaped muscle in the chest that makes up most of the chest muscles. It’s attached to the collarbone, breastbone, and ribs.
Pectoralis major
The pectoralis major’s primary functions are to _ and _ the arm.
adduct and rotate the arm.
The _ is a triangular-shaped muscle that lies under the pectoralis major.
pectoralis minor
Where is the pectoralis minor at?
Under the breast tissue
What does the Pec minor form?
The anterior of the wall of the axilla
Functions of pec minor:
- Adducts and internally rotates the humerus,
- Assists in shoulder flexion,
- Depresses the arm,
- Rotates the arm forward
Two heads of pec minor:
- clavicular head
- sternal head
Difference between clavicular head and sternal head
The sternocostal head is larger than the clavicular head
– is when you move a limb/body part towards the center of the body
Examples: clasping our hands together; squeezing your legs together by adducting your hips; tracking your elbows toward your torso during a pull-up
Adduction
_ – the movement of a limb or other part away from the midline of the body
Examples: waving goodbye by moving your hand away from your body’s midline; raising your arms out to the sides of your body; moving your leg laterally away from your body’s center; spreading your fingers out
Abduction
The _ muscles are a large muscle group on the front of the upper arm that flex the elbow and rotate the forearm.
biceps
The _ is the Latin name for the biceps muscles, which means “_”.
biceps brachii; two-headed muscle of the arm
Exercises for biceps
- Hammer curls:
- High cable bicep curls:
- Preacher curls:
- EZ-bar curls:
- Concentration curls:
- Wide-grip barbell curls:
Difference between cardiac and smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle propels blood,
while
smooth muscle shortens and propels contents across organ systems
What is the strongest bone in the body?
Masseter
The masseter runs from the _ bone (that forms part of the sides and base of the skull) to the _ (the mandible). It lifts the lower jaw, to close the mouth.
temporal; lower jaw
The _ helps close the mouth.
temporalis
