Module 3&4: Transport of Materials Across the Cell Membrane & Cell Types

Question 1

The most acceptable cell membrane model today. First proposed by Seymour Jonathan Singer & Garth L. Nicolson in 1972 to describe the structure of cell membranes.

Answer 1

Fluid Mosaic Model

Question 2

Who first proposed the Fluid Mosaic Model and in what year?

Answer 2

Seymour Jonathan Singer and Garth L. Nicolson in 1972

Question 3

This is amphipathic, which means it has hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.

Answer 3

phospholipid

Question 4

A phospholipid is _, which means it has hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends.

Answer 4

amphipathic

Question 5

Made up of a phosphate group, has affinity with water

Answer 5

hydrophilic head

Question 6

Made up of fatty acids, does not have affinity with water

Answer 6

hydrophobic tail

Question 7

Ways a phospholipid can move in bilayer

Answer 7

rotation
lateral diffusion - sideward
transversal diffusion - move from inner layer to outer layer or vice versa (happens the least)

Question 8

What is formed between the phospholipids and acts as a fluidity buffer?

Answer 8

cholesterol

Question 9

Two types of proteins in the phospholipid bilayer

Answer 9

peripheral proteins and integral proteins

Question 10

Proteins that cross the bilayer

Answer 10

integral proteins

Question 10

Proteins found only on the surface of the cell membrane

Answer 10

peripheral proteins

Question 11

Proteins may come in the form of carrier or channel proteins that facilitate the transport of materials across the cell membrane. Hormones react with protein receptors located in the cell membrane of their target cells.

One membrane-bound protein and an enzyme called _ are needed for breaking down blood glucose.

Answer 11

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Question 12

Membrane proteins with attached carbohydrate chains; on the surface of the cell; help with cell recognition and communication especially in the immune system; proteins with sugar molecules

Answer 12

glycoproteins

Question 13

Lipids with attached carbohydrate chains; lipids with sugar molecules; maintain cell membrane stability and assist cell-to-cell interactions;

Answer 13

glycolipids

Question 14

What does a sugar-binding protein that some glycoproteins have that help in facilitating cell-to-cell contact?

Answer 14

lectin

Question 15

This may interfere with the person’s blood circulation and can lead to death. Or this is when red blood cells stick together.

Answer 15

Agglutination

Question 16

Transport that does not require energy. Focus will be given to simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis.

Answer 16

Passive Transport

Question 17

Molecules follow down the concentration gradient. This means that molecules move from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration. This process does not require ATP.

Answer 17

Diffusion

Question 18

Diffusion of materials across the cell me is influenced by the molecules’ properties:

Answer 18

size, polarity, and change

Question 19

Transport proteins are needed to move molecules from an area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration.

Answer 19

Facilitated Diffusion

Question 20

Proteins that may come as carrier proteins or channel proteins.

Answer 20

Transport proteins

Question 21

Change their shape to transfer molecules. he enclosure of the carrier proteins prevents the hydrophilic or charged molecules to interact with the nonpolar part of the cell membrane.

Answer 21

Carrier proteins

Question 22

Create a hydrophilic path through the bilayer. Some are large, allowing some hydrophilic molecules. Some are small, allowing ions to pass through.

Answer 22

Channel proteins

Question 23

Membrane proteins that allow ions to pass are sometimes called _.

Answer 23

ion channels

Question 24

In _, water molecules move from an area of higher water concentration (more water molecules) to an area of lesser water concentration (fewer water molecules). This is sometimes called diffusion of water.

Answer 24

Osmosis

Question 25

The environment of the cell may be described as ,,_ depending on the concentration of the solute.

Answer 25

isotonic, hypotonic, hypertonic

Question 26

The solute concentration is equal to that of the cell.

Answer 26

Isotonic

Question 27

The solute concentration is lower than that of the cell.

Answer 27

hypotonic

Question 28

The solute concentration is higher than that of the cell.

Answer 28

hypertonic

Question 29

Molecules move from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration. This kind of transport requires an energy.

Answer 29

Active Transport

Question 30

Large substances can be taken in by the cell. They gather in big groups, like in bulk packaging.

Answer 30

Bulk Transport

Question 31

In bulk transport, large substances can be taken in by the cell through a process _.

Answer 31

endocytosis

Question 32

The inward folding of the membrane.

Answer 32

Invagination

Question 33

The portion of the cell membrane eventually pinches off, forming the _ which is covered by the _.

Answer 33

endocytic vesicle; endocytic membrane

Question 34

Three basic types of endocytosis

Answer 34

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 35

The cell, which is called a phagocyte, engulfs large solid objects, which may be in the form of large molecules or another type of organism.

This type is also called cell eating.

Answer 35

phagocytosis

Question 36

The cell takes in small drops of extracellular fluid from the environment. Egg cells are nourished by their surroundings through _.

This is also called cell drinking.

Answer 36

pinocytosis

Question 37

Receptors are found in the pit coated with a protein called clathrin. The pit covers the molecules when the receptors are triggered. Low-density lipoprotein is taken up by the cell through _.

Answer 37

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Question 38

In receptor-mediated endocytosis, receptors are found in the pit coated with a protein called?

Answer 38

clathrin

Question 39

The release of substances from the cell. Opposite of endocytosis.

Answer 39

Exocytosis

Question 40

Five-kingdom scheme is used to classify organisms

Answer 40

Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Protista
Monera

Question 41

Only kingdom that are prokaryotes

Answer 41

Monera

Question 42

Cells without a true nucleus, but they have a nucleoid. (from the Greek words pro, which means “before”, and karyon, which means “nut or kernel”).

Answer 42

Prokaryotes

Question 43

Size of prokaryotes

Answer 43

1-5 micrometers (um) only

Question 44

Some prokaryotes may also contain small, double-strands of separate DNA called _, which play a role in antibiotic resistance.

Answer 44

plasmids

Question 44

Cell division happens through _, a type of asexual reproduction that produces two identical cells. Exocytosis and endocytosis are not observed in prokaryotes.

Answer 44

binary fission

Question 44

Cells that have a true nucleus, which are bound by the nuclear membrane. (from the Greek words eu, which means “true” and karyon which means “nut or kernel”).

Answer 44

Eukaryotes