Module 2 - Cell Flashcards
During cell division, the microtubules eventually arrange themselves in a specific manner to form _. These come in pairs and are at right angles with each other.
centrioles
Centrioles help in the separation and movement of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called _ to opposite poles. You can observe these as the threadlike structures in a dividing cell.
chromosomes
Centrioles are usually surrounded by the _.
pericentriolar materials or pericentriolar matrix
The centrioles and the pericentriolar materials form the structure of the _, the place in the cell where microtubules get organized.
centrosome
The pericentriolar materials contain proteins that enable the growth of microtubules, leading to the formation of _. These are needed to separate chromosomes during cell division.
spindle finders
Centrioles are only visible only in actively dividing animal cells because they are ___.
involved in the development of spindle fibers
This serves as the control center of the cell because it is where most of the genetic processes take place.
Nucleus
6 Parts of Nucleus
- nuclear envelope
- nuclear membranes
- perinuclear space
- nucleoplasm
- chromatin
- nuclear pores
The boundary of the nucleus, composed of the outer and inner nuclear membranes.
nuclear envelope
Nuclear envelope is composed of the inner and outer _.
nuclear membranes
In between the nuclear membranes.
perinuclear space
Inside the nuclear envelope.
nucleoplasm
Within the nucleoplasm are strands of _, which is a combination of DNA and proteins. These further condense to form chromosomes during cell division.
The information in this enables the nucleus to control the activities of the cell.
chromatin
Substances that move in and out of the nucleus pass through the envelope’s _.
nuclear pores
The _ in the chromatin strands is the basis for the duplication of new genetic materials.
The basis of the information taken by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for protein synthesis.
DNA
This ensures that ribosomes will get the information about specific proteins that need to be produced.
messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)
This is a membrane-free organelle found inside the nucleus. It is usually spherical in shape. It contains fibrils and granules.
Nucleolus
These have the DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
fibrils
These contain rRNA molecules with proteins coming from the cytoplasm.
granules
The nucleolus is important in creating _, which are the sites of protein synthesis.
ribosomes
The rRNA produced by the nucleolus along with the protein exported from cytoplasm produce the _.
ribosomal subunit
These are small, dense structures that help in the assembly of proteins in the cell.
Ribosomes
Ribosomes may be found freely in the cytoplasm, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or as a _, a series of ribosomes attached to mRNA.
polyribosome
Ribosomes are not membrane-bound, so they are not organelles. They are composed of two subunits of unequal sizes. The subunits use the _ unit.
This is the unit used for the rate of sedimentation.
Svedberg (S)
Determining the rate of sedimentation may require an _, a laboratory instrument that has a rotor that spins really fast.
ultracentrifuge
Eukaryotic ribosomes have _S and _S subunits, whereas prokaryotic ribosomes have 50S and 30S. These combine to form 80S and 70S ribosomes, respectively.
60S and 40S
A network of interconnected sacs.
cisterna
In between the membranes of ER is the _, or the cisternal space. The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear envelope, runs through the cytoplasm, and may also extend into the cell membrane.
lumen
Ribosomes work with the other parts of the cell to synthesize proteins or _. It starts inside the nucleus.
_ in ribosome takes approximately 60 minutes in an animal cell and much faster in a bacterium.
The information in the DNA is decoded by the mRNA. Once done, mRNA moves out of the nucleus toward the ribosome. The ribosome will create proteins based on the information given by the mRNA.
Protein synthesis
A membrane-bound organelle that forms a network of interconnected sacs called “cisterna” (plural: cisternae).
endoplasmic reticulum
When ribosomes are attached to the ER, it gives a rough appearance; hence, the ER is called _.
rough endoplasmic reticulum
When ribosomes are not present in the ER, its appearance is smooth, and is thus called _.
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
The rough ER is a series of flattened sacs that manufacture secretory proteins such as _.
pancreatic cells
These pancreatic cells produce _ and _ in the digestive tract that aid in the breakdown of food to its simpler form.
The ribosomes attached to the RER synthesize proteins during translation. Some proteins move to the Golgi apparatus for modification, packaging, and distribution from the cell to their proper destination within the cell.
insulin and enzymes
A tubule network that has an extensive array of functions such as carbs and lipids (cholesterol and phospholipid that assemble cell membrane structure) syntheses. It also detoxifies the cell of certain substances.
smooth ER
Like ER, membrane-bound organelle _ also consist of cisternae.
Golgi bodies
Two faces in the Golgi bodies
cis face & trans face
The Golgi bodies’ face facing the ER:
cis face
The Golgi bodies’ face facing the cytoplasm or cell membrane:
trans face
The substance produced in the ER enters its _, the space inside the organelle.
lumen
The substance after being produced in the ER then pinches off to become a _. It moves toward the cis face.
vesicle
Golgi bodies may modify the substances in vesicle by putting _ so that they will be recognized and accepted in their respective destinations.
tags
A membrane-bound organelle that originated from ER.
Lysosomes
Cells that are active in secretion.
epithelial cells
Lysosomes have _, proteins that use water to break down substances.
hydrolytic enzymes
3 Functions of Hydrolytic Enzymes
- digest food
- recycle old components of the cell
- kill invading microorganisms
The digested food and recycled components are released into the cytoplasm to be used by the cell. The indigestible food stays in the lysosomes, which eventually become _.
residual bodies
Residual bodies can be eliminated by _.
exocytosis
The lysosomes can also fuse with these vesicles containing microorganisms.
phagosomes
Lysosomes in animal cells appear as spherical bodies around _ in diameter. There may be several hundred lysosomes in a single animal cell.
0.5-1.0um
A double-membrane organelle. Considered semi-dependent. They can make their own DNA and ribosomes. They also undergo fusion prior to replication for them to maintain stability in shape and not to become smaller when they divide.
Mitochondrion
The outer membrane of mitochondria serves as its covering, while the inner membrane is folded many times to create the _.
cristae
Inside the cristae is the _ that contains different enzymes.
matrix
Also found in the mitochondrion are __.
circular molecules of DNA and ribosomes
How many mitochondria are in a typical animal liver cell?T
About 1000-2000 mitochondria
How is mitochondrion inherited in humans?
Through the mother
The mitochondria is responsible for producing _, the energy currency of the cell.
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Appendages responsible for the locomotion of cells, which is due to the specialized arrangements of microtubules.
flagella and cilia
Flagella and cilia both have the central core called _, which surrounded by the extension of cell membrane.
axoneme
The microtubules in axoneme have an arrangement of _, which means that there are nine outer doublet microtubules with two at the center.
9+2
The axoneme is connected to the _, which is identical to the appearance of the centriole.
basal body
Flagella and cilia allow movement. A flagellum moves in a whiplike manner, such as that of _, a protis.
Euglena
Cilia require power and recovery strokes, as in the swimming movement of the _, a protist.
Paramecium
_ found in kidneys play a vital role in receiving signals from the outer environment.
Primary cilia
In plant cells, there is an additional cell covering called “_”. It maintains the shape of the plant, protects the cell, and helps regulate the cell’s uptake of water.
cell wall
The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and is primarily made of _, a substance composed of a long chain of carbohydrates.
polysaccharides
Newly formed plant cells have _, which are thin and flexible.
primary cell walls
When growth stops, _ often develop either by thickening the primarily walls or depositing new layers.
secondary cell wall
The secondary cw also contains more cellulose and may have _, a substance which is the primary component of wood.
lignin
Channels in the cell wall that allow the exchange of substances between adjacent cells.
Plasmodesmata
Composed of amino acids and sugars. This in the cell walls of bacteria give their structure and provide protection. The presence of such can be identified using a Gram stain
Peptidoglycan
These have thicker layers of peptidoglycan than Gram-negative bacteria (lighter color in microscope)
Gram-positive bacteria
A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide similar to cellulose. It forms semitransparent substance.
Chitin
Increase the surface area of the roots for greater absorption rate of water and minerals.
root hairs
Plants can make their own food through _, a series of chemical reactions using sunlight to convert CO2 and water to glucose.
photosynthesis
Can either be stored as starch or be used in respiration later on.
Glucose
By-product of photosynthesis.
oxygen
A double-membrane organelle that undergo cytoplasmic streaming to distribute nutrients.
chloroplasts
Inside the chloroplasts is the colorless fluid surrounding several grana.
stroma
Each granum contains several stacks of _.
thylakoids
These thylakoids contain _, the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis and also for the plant’s color.
chlorophyll
The space inside the thylakoid, which serves as the site for several reactions during photosynthesis.
lumen
Each granum is connected to one another via the _ or the _.
intergrana thylakoids or stroma thylakoids
The vacuole that occupies the largest space.
central vacuole
Membrane surrounding the central vacuole
tonoplast
In animals, vacuole is for the temporary storage of substances. In plants, vacuoles is to maintain _ to keep the cell from wilting.
This is the pressure exerted onto the cell wall by water moving into the cell.
turgor pressure
