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Gen. Bio - Cell (Animal Cell and Plant Cell) > Module 2 - Cell > Flashcards

Module 2 - Cell Flashcards

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1
Q

During cell division, the microtubules eventually arrange themselves in a specific manner to form _. These come in pairs and are at right angles with each other.

A

centrioles

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2
Q

Centrioles help in the separation and movement of the replicated genetic materials in the cells called _ to opposite poles. You can observe these as the threadlike structures in a dividing cell.

A

chromosomes

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3
Q

Centrioles are usually surrounded by the _.

A

pericentriolar materials or pericentriolar matrix

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4
Q

The centrioles and the pericentriolar materials form the structure of the _, the place in the cell where microtubules get organized.

A

centrosome

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5
Q

The pericentriolar materials contain proteins that enable the growth of microtubules, leading to the formation of _. These are needed to separate chromosomes during cell division.

A

spindle finders

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6
Q

Centrioles are only visible only in actively dividing animal cells because they are ___.

A

involved in the development of spindle fibers

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7
Q

This serves as the control center of the cell because it is where most of the genetic processes take place.

A

Nucleus

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8
Q

6 Parts of Nucleus

A
  1. nuclear envelope
  2. nuclear membranes
  3. perinuclear space
  4. nucleoplasm
  5. chromatin
  6. nuclear pores
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9
Q

The boundary of the nucleus, composed of the outer and inner nuclear membranes.

A

nuclear envelope

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10
Q

Nuclear envelope is composed of the inner and outer _.

A

nuclear membranes

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11
Q

In between the nuclear membranes.

A

perinuclear space

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12
Q

Inside the nuclear envelope.

A

nucleoplasm

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13
Q

Within the nucleoplasm are strands of _, which is a combination of DNA and proteins. These further condense to form chromosomes during cell division.

The information in this enables the nucleus to control the activities of the cell.

A

chromatin

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14
Q

Substances that move in and out of the nucleus pass through the envelope’s _.

A

nuclear pores

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15
Q

The _ in the chromatin strands is the basis for the duplication of new genetic materials.

The basis of the information taken by the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) for protein synthesis.

A

DNA

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16
Q

This ensures that ribosomes will get the information about specific proteins that need to be produced.

A

messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA)

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17
Q

This is a membrane-free organelle found inside the nucleus. It is usually spherical in shape. It contains fibrils and granules.

A

Nucleolus

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18
Q

These have the DNA coding for ribosomal RNA (rRNA).

A

fibrils

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19
Q

These contain rRNA molecules with proteins coming from the cytoplasm.

A

granules

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20
Q

The nucleolus is important in creating _, which are the sites of protein synthesis.

A

ribosomes

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21
Q

The rRNA produced by the nucleolus along with the protein exported from cytoplasm produce the _.

A

ribosomal subunit

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22
Q

These are small, dense structures that help in the assembly of proteins in the cell.

A

Ribosomes

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23
Q

Ribosomes may be found freely in the cytoplasm, attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, or as a _, a series of ribosomes attached to mRNA.

A

polyribosome

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24
Q

Ribosomes are not membrane-bound, so they are not organelles. They are composed of two subunits of unequal sizes. The subunits use the _ unit.

This is the unit used for the rate of sedimentation.

A

Svedberg (S)

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25
Q

Determining the rate of sedimentation may require an _, a laboratory instrument that has a rotor that spins really fast.

A

ultracentrifuge

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25
Q

Eukaryotic ribosomes have _S and _S subunits, whereas prokaryotic ribosomes have 50S and 30S. These combine to form 80S and 70S ribosomes, respectively.

A

60S and 40S

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26
Q

A network of interconnected sacs.

A

cisterna

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26
Q

In between the membranes of ER is the _, or the cisternal space. The membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is connected to the nuclear envelope, runs through the cytoplasm, and may also extend into the cell membrane.

A

lumen

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26
Q

Ribosomes work with the other parts of the cell to synthesize proteins or _. It starts inside the nucleus.

_ in ribosome takes approximately 60 minutes in an animal cell and much faster in a bacterium.

The information in the DNA is decoded by the mRNA. Once done, mRNA moves out of the nucleus toward the ribosome. The ribosome will create proteins based on the information given by the mRNA.

A

Protein synthesis

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27
Q

A membrane-bound organelle that forms a network of interconnected sacs called “cisterna” (plural: cisternae).

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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28
Q

When ribosomes are attached to the ER, it gives a rough appearance; hence, the ER is called _.

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

When ribosomes are not present in the ER, its appearance is smooth, and is thus called _.

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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30
Q

The rough ER is a series of flattened sacs that manufacture secretory proteins such as _.

A

pancreatic cells

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31
Q

These pancreatic cells produce _ and _ in the digestive tract that aid in the breakdown of food to its simpler form.

The ribosomes attached to the RER synthesize proteins during translation. Some proteins move to the Golgi apparatus for modification, packaging, and distribution from the cell to their proper destination within the cell.

A

insulin and enzymes

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32
Q

A tubule network that has an extensive array of functions such as carbs and lipids (cholesterol and phospholipid that assemble cell membrane structure) syntheses. It also detoxifies the cell of certain substances.

A

smooth ER

33
Q

Like ER, membrane-bound organelle _ also consist of cisternae.

A

Golgi bodies

34
Q

Two faces in the Golgi bodies

A

cis face & trans face

35
Q

The Golgi bodies’ face facing the ER:

A

cis face

35
Q

The Golgi bodies’ face facing the cytoplasm or cell membrane:

A

trans face

35
Q

The substance produced in the ER enters its _, the space inside the organelle.

A

lumen

36
Q

The substance after being produced in the ER then pinches off to become a _. It moves toward the cis face.

A

vesicle

37
Q

Golgi bodies may modify the substances in vesicle by putting _ so that they will be recognized and accepted in their respective destinations.

A

tags

38
Q

A membrane-bound organelle that originated from ER.

A

Lysosomes

39
Q

Cells that are active in secretion.

A

epithelial cells

40
Q

Lysosomes have _, proteins that use water to break down substances.

A

hydrolytic enzymes

41
Q

3 Functions of Hydrolytic Enzymes

A
  1. digest food
  2. recycle old components of the cell
  3. kill invading microorganisms
42
Q

The digested food and recycled components are released into the cytoplasm to be used by the cell. The indigestible food stays in the lysosomes, which eventually become _.

A

residual bodies

43
Q

Residual bodies can be eliminated by _.

A

exocytosis

44
Q

The lysosomes can also fuse with these vesicles containing microorganisms.

A

phagosomes

45
Q

Lysosomes in animal cells appear as spherical bodies around _ in diameter. There may be several hundred lysosomes in a single animal cell.

A

0.5-1.0um

46
Q

A double-membrane organelle. Considered semi-dependent. They can make their own DNA and ribosomes. They also undergo fusion prior to replication for them to maintain stability in shape and not to become smaller when they divide.

A

Mitochondrion

47
Q

The outer membrane of mitochondria serves as its covering, while the inner membrane is folded many times to create the _.

A

cristae

48
Q

Inside the cristae is the _ that contains different enzymes.

A

matrix

49
Q

Also found in the mitochondrion are __.

A

circular molecules of DNA and ribosomes

50
Q

How many mitochondria are in a typical animal liver cell?T

A

About 1000-2000 mitochondria

51
Q

How is mitochondrion inherited in humans?

A

Through the mother

52
Q

The mitochondria is responsible for producing _, the energy currency of the cell.

A

adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

53
Q

Appendages responsible for the locomotion of cells, which is due to the specialized arrangements of microtubules.

A

flagella and cilia

54
Q

Flagella and cilia both have the central core called _, which surrounded by the extension of cell membrane.

A

axoneme

55
Q

The microtubules in axoneme have an arrangement of _, which means that there are nine outer doublet microtubules with two at the center.

A

9+2

56
Q

The axoneme is connected to the _, which is identical to the appearance of the centriole.

A

basal body

57
Q

Flagella and cilia allow movement. A flagellum moves in a whiplike manner, such as that of _, a protis.

A

Euglena

58
Q

Cilia require power and recovery strokes, as in the swimming movement of the _, a protist.

A

Paramecium

59
Q

_ found in kidneys play a vital role in receiving signals from the outer environment.

A

Primary cilia

60
Q

In plant cells, there is an additional cell covering called “_”. It maintains the shape of the plant, protects the cell, and helps regulate the cell’s uptake of water.

A

cell wall

61
Q

The cell wall is located outside the cell membrane and is primarily made of _, a substance composed of a long chain of carbohydrates.

A

polysaccharides

62
Q

Newly formed plant cells have _, which are thin and flexible.

A

primary cell walls

63
Q

When growth stops, _ often develop either by thickening the primarily walls or depositing new layers.

A

secondary cell wall

64
Q

The secondary cw also contains more cellulose and may have _, a substance which is the primary component of wood.

A

lignin

65
Q

Channels in the cell wall that allow the exchange of substances between adjacent cells.

A

Plasmodesmata

66
Q

Composed of amino acids and sugars. This in the cell walls of bacteria give their structure and provide protection. The presence of such can be identified using a Gram stain

A

Peptidoglycan

67
Q

These have thicker layers of peptidoglycan than Gram-negative bacteria (lighter color in microscope)

A

Gram-positive bacteria

68
Q

A nitrogen-containing polysaccharide similar to cellulose. It forms semitransparent substance.

A

Chitin

69
Q

Increase the surface area of the roots for greater absorption rate of water and minerals.

A

root hairs

70
Q

Plants can make their own food through _, a series of chemical reactions using sunlight to convert CO2 and water to glucose.

A

photosynthesis

71
Q

Can either be stored as starch or be used in respiration later on.

A

Glucose

71
Q

By-product of photosynthesis.

A

oxygen

72
Q

A double-membrane organelle that undergo cytoplasmic streaming to distribute nutrients.

A

chloroplasts

73
Q

Inside the chloroplasts is the colorless fluid surrounding several grana.

A

stroma

74
Q

Each granum contains several stacks of _.

A

thylakoids

75
Q

These thylakoids contain _, the green pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis and also for the plant’s color.

A

chlorophyll

76
Q

The space inside the thylakoid, which serves as the site for several reactions during photosynthesis.

A

lumen

77
Q

Each granum is connected to one another via the _ or the _.

A

intergrana thylakoids or stroma thylakoids

78
Q

The vacuole that occupies the largest space.

A

central vacuole

79
Q

Membrane surrounding the central vacuole

A

tonoplast

80
Q

In animals, vacuole is for the temporary storage of substances. In plants, vacuoles is to maintain _ to keep the cell from wilting.

This is the pressure exerted onto the cell wall by water moving into the cell.

A

turgor pressure

Gen. Bio - Cell (Animal Cell and Plant Cell) (5 decks)

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