Module 5 - memory

Question 1

What is memory?

Answer 1

The faculty the mind stores and retrieves information and experiences.

Question 2

What is biological basis for memory?

Answer 2

Neurons transmit information via synapses. New connections can be formed and unused discarded.

Question 3

How is information encoded

Answer 3

Input via perception and sensation but need attention for memory.
· Attention can be reactive (eg loud noise)
· Selective through focussed and effort.

Question 4

What are strategies for encoding

Answer 4

· Minimise Disruption to attention.
· Elaboration – linking to other ideas and events
· Mnemonic devices (imagery, pegword, loci, acronyms)
· Self-relevance – how does it affect me
· Motivation to remember – how to apply in future – salience
· Spacing – over time
· SQ4R – survey, question, read, recite, review, write

https://youtu.be/mlrOJgyPySw

https://youtu.be/mlrOJgyPySw
Khan – Encoding strategies

Question 5

What makes retrieval easier

Answer 5

Retrieval cues.
This is why cold recall is harder than eg multichoice.
Match context /emotion /mood /sensory /environment

Question 6

What is sensory memory

Answer 6

Input stored for 1 second, unattended info is lost
Echoic – Hearing
Iconic - visual

Question 7

What is working memory

Answer 7

Cognitive system with limited capacity to temporarily hold information and keep track of what we are doing. It is made up of multiple parts that function independently. Share, integrate and reallocate to other parts of brain. Used to solve problems, respond to environment and achieve goals.

Question 8

Explain Baddeley and Hitch working memory model

Answer 8

· Central executive – controls attention and coordinates others
· Visuospatial sketchpad – visual and spatial info
· Phonological loop – auditory processing
· Episodic buffer – integrate info 10-20 seconds and link to long term memory

Question 9

What is working memory capacity for adults and children

Answer 9

Adults – 7 (+/-2) units of information – real world about 3-5 (Cowan 2010)
Kids – 5 year olds 2 – improves until age 15 (Cowan 2016)

Question 10

What does poor working memory affect

Answer 10

· Lose track of complex sentences or instructions
· Reading comprehension and decoding
· Maths calculations
· Problems with remembering and processing tasks
· Lose focus

Question 11

How can you improve working memory

Answer 11

· Rehearsing
· Chunking of information into groups

[https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/%20educational-learning/thinking/c

Question 12

How are memories converted to Long Term

Answer 12

From episodic memory into long term memory via hippocampus

Question 13

What is Declarative LT memory (usually Explicit)

Answer 13

· Info consciously summoned as verbally describable facts, events, beliefs.
· Show by telling

Question 14

What is Procedural LT Memory (implicit)

Answer 14

· Skill and habits
· Subtle and unconscious ways we learn about and adapt to the world.
· Show by doing
· Skill learning, conditioning, priming (eg use a word you heard recently), habits, patterns, intuition

Question 15

Explicit Memory

Answer 15

Conscious retrieval of information
· Recall – conscious retrieval.
· Recognition – the sense something has been encountered before

Question 16

Implicit Memory

Answer 16

· Evident in skills, conditioned learning, and associations
· Leads to priming effects

Question 17

What is semantic memory

Answer 17

Type of explicit memory, just facts (general knowledge), not episodic

Question 18

What is Episodic memory

Answer 18

Events in your life history – type of explicit memory

Question 19

Why do memories fail

Answer 19

Simple Decay – do not pay attention, do not use
Intrusion – mixing of more recent memory with old episodic ones

Question 20

What are false memories

Answer 20

· Misinformation – contamination from retrieval environment (what else going on)
· Schematic fitting – associated ideas from habitual thinking add details that fit your world view (stereotypes)

Question 21

Types of Amnesia

Answer 21

· Anterograde Amnesia – cannot encode new information (damage to hippocampus)
· Retrograde Amnesia – lose past long term memory (rare)

Question 22

What are schemas

Answer 22

· Patterns of thought that render the environment predictable.
· Filling the blanks of memory with typical expectations
· Can remember something better if it fills into a slot in the schema

Question 23

A visual overview of memory

Answer 23

Question 24

What are is the process stages of memory

Answer 24