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Biology 162 Final Exam > Module 5- large body systems > Flashcards

Module 5- large body systems Flashcards

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1
Q

Threshold of an Action Potential

A

-55

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2
Q

Steps of an Action Potential

A
  1. resting state is disturbed and starts to depolarize
  2. Threshold is reached and voltage gated ion channels open, Na+ flow into the cell making it even more positive
  3. The peak of the AP is reached when the cell can’t take anymore positive charged molecules
  4. K+ Voltage gated ion channels open to try and depolarize the cell
  5. There is a small period when the cell becomes too negative before returning to its rest state (Na+/K+ pumps work in the background to reset the concentration gradient)
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3
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheets for faster action potential travel

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4
Q

Absolute Refractory period

A

the time period when an action potential cannot be fired

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5
Q

Synaptic integration

A

summation of all EPSPs and IPSPs

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6
Q

Spatial Summation

A

Sum of all EPSPs and IPSPs received on a neuron at different synapse locations

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7
Q

Temporal Summation

A

Summation of either all the EPSPs or IPSPs received from a singular synapse within a short time frame

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8
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A
  • Cover the skeleton
  • Voluntary movements
  • Range of Motion is usually dominated by the skeletal system
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9
Q

Origin

A

Proximal muscle anchoring attachment

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10
Q

Insertion

A

Distal muscle attachment connected to the moving bone

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11
Q

Tendons

A

Connection of muscle to bone

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12
Q

What make up Muscle Fibers

A

actin and myosin

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13
Q

Motor Unit

A

The group of fibers one neuron controls

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14
Q

Fascia

A

Sheet of tissue that makes up the outer layer the muscle

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15
Q

Fascicles

A

Bundles of muscle fibers

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16
Q

Myofibrils

A

Bundles of contractile proteins

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17
Q

Sarcomere

A

The band that spans the length of the myosin and actin proteins

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18
Q

Z disks

A

anchor the actin filaments

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19
Q

M band

A

Anchor the Myosin filaments

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20
Q

Cross bridges

A

Connections between actin and myosin that result in contraction of muscle fibers

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21
Q

Troponin

A

Holds the Tropomyosin in place to prevent a cross bridge and thus muscle contraction

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22
Q

Muscle contraction

A

shortening of the sarcomere

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23
Q

Neuromuscular junctions

A

The connection between the synapse and the myofibrils

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24
Q

how to cause a contraction from neuron to actin

A
  1. an AP is sent down the neuron
  2. the AP starts the release of acetylcholine to the myofibril
  3. AP travels down the t-tubule to start the release of Ca+
  4. Ca+ bind to the troponin which release the tropomyosin
  5. with the use of ADP-Pi, myosin are able form cross bridges and contract the actin when it becomes ADP
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25
Q

Tetany

A

The sum of many twitches spaced closely together

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26
Q

Recruitment

A

The body will activate the motor units that give off the least max strength first and work its way up will it has to use all the motor units at once

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27
Q

Innervation ratio

A

the actual number of muscle fibers controlled by one neuron

28
Q

Slow twitch fibers

A
  • benefits small force production of energy for a longer period of time
  • activated first
29
Q

Fast twitch fibers

A
  • large force generated over a short period of time
  • Fatigue easily
  • recruited when needed
30
Q

Atrophy

A

Decrease in size due to lack of use

31
Q

Force

A

Alters an objects motion or distorts it (Newtons)

32
Q

Force equation

A

Mass x Acceleration

33
Q

Net Force

A

Sum of all forces acting on the object

34
Q

Static State

A

all forces cancel out and result in no movement

35
Q

Dynamic state

A

Forces are unequal and results in movement

36
Q

Stress

A

Force focused on at one area

37
Q

Stress equation

A

stress = Force/ Area

38
Q

Tension

A

Pulling force

39
Q

Compression

A

Pressing force

40
Q

object Tension/ compression laws

A

The force decreases as you look closer to the neutral axis

41
Q

Stiffness

A

The ability to resist being deformed

42
Q

Work

A

The effort it takes to deform or break an object

43
Q

Failure

A

Object breaks

44
Q

Elastic deformation

A

Object can deform but return to its previous state

45
Q

Plastic deformation

A

Permanently change the objects shape

46
Q

Hydrostat (Plant)

A
  • membrane pushes back onto the fluid making it rigid
  • ## allows plants to resist gravity
47
Q

Hemi-cellulose (Plant)

A
  • Elastic
  • Resist tension
48
Q

Cellulose (Plant)

A
  • stiff
  • tensile strength
  • primary and secondary cell walls
49
Q

Plant cell growth

A

Cell can only expand parallel to the cellulose fiber

50
Q

Elastin (animal)

A
  • makes the membrane elastic
51
Q

Collagen

A
  • makes a rigid membrane
52
Q

Vertebrates Hydrostats

A
  • coelomic cavities
  • Intervertebral disks
53
Q

Muscular Hydrostats

A
  • muscles hold water within
  • Circular muscles around
  • longitudinal muscles
54
Q

Circular muscles

A
  • elongates the muscle
55
Q

Longitudinal Muscles

A
  • Shortens the muscle
56
Q

Hydrostat failure

A

Increase stress on body walls without sufficient stiffness leads to failure

57
Q

Composite materials

A

a combination of materials to get the best of both

58
Q

Xylem

A
  • dead plant cells that pack closed together towards the surface of the plant (Secondary cell wall)
  • Transports water, and minerals
59
Q

Stiffness of a tube vs a rod

A

A tube will have more stiffness because the greatest amount of material is the farthest from the neutral axis

60
Q

Lignin

A
  • Resists compression
  • Aids in fluid
  • Secondary cell wall
61
Q

Open Exoskeleton

A
  • composite shell
    -doesn’t fully enclose the body
  • Can open and close portions
  • anchor points for muscles
62
Q

Brittle

A
  • can withstand heavy loads with little deforming
  • Stiff/ will break
63
Q

Closed exoskeleton

A
  • Composite material: chitin
  • Rigid external shell
  • Flexible areas between rigid plates
  • limits growth
  • Ecdysis
64
Q

Ecdysis

A

molting, allows for growth

65
Q

Metazoan Endoskeleton

A

Echinoderms:
- mutable connective tissue- controlled stiffness
- Tubed feet become hydrostats
Vertebrates:
- Composite material
- Connective tissues: Bone

66
Q

Parts of the Lever System

A

Fulcrum: joint
In-lever: from the point of the force to the fulcrum L(in)
out-lever: from the fulcrum to end of the movable system L(out)

67
Q

Energy

A

Energy = Force X Length
Energy(in) = Energy(out)
L(in)/L(out) = F(out)/F(in)

-smaller value (High speed and ROM, Low force)
- Larger Value (Low speed and ROM, Force)

Biology 162 Final Exam (5 decks)

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