Module 3- Developmental Biology

Question 1

Ontogeny

Answer 1

An organisms changes are recorded from conception to maturity

Question 2

Model Organism

Answer 2

• Tests can translate to humans
• Short generation rates
• Conservation of genes
• Use genetic and molecular toolkit

Question 3

Totipotent Cell

Answer 3

a cell that can give rise to an entire organism

Question 4

Polarity

Answer 4

Established axis of symmetry

Question 5

Differential gene expression

Answer 5

activation of different genes results in different cell types

Question 6

morphogenesis

Answer 6

Formation of structures with specialized cells

Question 7

Sporophyte

Answer 7

2n multicellular life stage in embryophytes

Question 8

cell migration

Answer 8

reposition of cells

Question 9

Germ Layers/Gastrulation

Answer 9

Ectoderm: outside layer (Skin, neural tissues)
Mesoderm: Middle layer (Skeleton, muscle, connective tissues, Fat, blood)
Endoderm: inside layer (lining of gut, lung, pancreas, liver)

Question 10

Organogenesis

Answer 10

formation of body systems

Question 11

Germ Cells

Answer 11

Gametes

Question 12

somatic cells

Answer 12

all cells besides germ cells

Question 13

Steps of Vertebrate Neuralation

Answer 13

1. notochord sends signals to the neural plate to thicken
2. Neural plate folds and connects at the midline to form the neural tube

Question 14

Upper Somites

Answer 14

rods of mesoderm give rise to the dermis

Question 15

Middle Somites

Answer 15

rods of mesoderm give rise to skeletal muscles

Question 16

Lower somites

Answer 16

rods of mesoderm give rise to vertebrae and ribs

Question 17

Homologous Structures

Answer 17

have the same structure and developmental history but different functions

Question 18

Analogous Structures

Answer 18

Perform the same function but have different structures and developmental history

Question 19

Heterometry

Answer 19

difference in level of gene expression

Question 20

Heterochrony

Answer 20

Differences in the timing of expression

Question 21

Heterotopy

Answer 21

Differences in location of gene expression

Question 22

Heterotypy

Answer 22

Difference in the type of gene expressed

Question 23

Colinearity

Answer 23

The genes are on the same place on the chromosome as they appear on the body

Question 24

Highly Conserved

Answer 24

chromosome sequences stay relatively the same

Question 25

Repeating structures in plants

Answer 25

Phytomers

Question 26

Whorl

Answer 26

radial pattern that occurs at a node

Question 27

Organ Identity Genes

Answer 27

genes that direct flower whorl organ formation

Question 28

Apical Meristems

Answer 28

Growth at the tip of the plant and the root

Question 29

Lateral Meristem

Answer 29

widening growth of a plant

Question 30

Transcription Factors

Answer 30

Regulate gene expression

Question 31

TF Activator

Answer 31

Starts the expression of the gene

Question 32

TF Repressor

Answer 32

ends the expression of the gene

Question 33

Determination

Answer 33

The cell receives the specific TF

Question 34

Differentiation

Answer 34

Cell uses the TF to produce specific proteins

Question 35

Cytoplasmic Segregation

Answer 35

Uneven distribution of cytoplasmic materials

Question 36

Stem cells

Answer 36

Self Renewing cells that are undifferentiated

Question 37

Pluripotent

Answer 37

Cells that can form many but not all cell types

Question 38

Multipotent

Answer 38

Cells can form some cell types

Question 39

Unipotent

Answer 39

Cells can only be only one cell type

Question 40

Induction

Answer 40

secretion of signals (inducers) to near by target cells (responder)

Question 41

Morphogens

Answer 41

an inducer whose concentration gradient determines a developmental pattern

Question 42

Homeotic genes

Answer 42

affects the timing and amount of synthesis of proteins

Question 43

Hox genes

Answer 43

Specifically direct anterior-posterior patterning in animals