Module 1- Cells, cell size, diffusion Flashcards

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1
Q

Metazoa

A

Multicellular Animals:
- Heterotrophs
- Body is organized around a digestive cavity
- no cell walls
- Motile (have the ability to move)

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2
Q

Embryophyta

A

Seed bearing plants
- Photosynthetic
- Cell wall
- Meristem (plant growth cells)

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3
Q

Multiple cells adhere and recognize to others via cell-to-cell junctions

A

Multicellular Organism

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4
Q

Communication/signaling between cells can occur via cell-cell connection

A

Multicellular Organism

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5
Q

Cellular differentiation and specialization

A

Multicellular Organism

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6
Q

multiple cells aggregate together but no cell-cell connection

A

Colonial Unicellular

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7
Q

Communication/signaling occurs only external to cells - little coordination

A

Colonial Unicellular

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8
Q

Cells nearly identical

A

Colonial Unicellular

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9
Q

Serial division without separation

A

Clonal Development

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10
Q

Cells come together, adhere

A

Aggregation

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11
Q

Connections between the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent plant cell

A

Plasmodesmata

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12
Q

Fluid that passes through the plasmodesmata

A

Symplast

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13
Q

organelles with common origins to chloroplasts

A

Plastids

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14
Q

Connections between animal cells

A

Gap Junctions

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15
Q

Very close adherence between two animal cells

A

tight junctions

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16
Q

Attaches plant cells to one another

A

Middle lamella

17
Q

ties the fibers of the cell wall together

A

Pectins

18
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • no membrane bound organelles
  • no nucleus
  • small in size
19
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Nucleus
  • Membrane bound organelles
  • large in size
20
Q

Advantages to larger size

A
  • ability to survive
  • greater complexity
  • store energy
21
Q

Disadvantages to larger size

A
  • Diffusion limitations
  • difficult to communicate
22
Q

Reynolds number

A

Value less than 10: flow is orderly and reversible, slow movement
Value larger than 100: flow is disorderly, fast movement

23
Q

Diffusion limits

A
  • Distance
  • number of places it can occur
  • Amount of things
  • speed of travel
24
Q

Fick’s law

A

Q = D * A (∆M/X)
Q= Rate of diffusion
D= Diffusion Coefficient
A= Area
∆M= difference in the amount of stuff
X= distance to travel between two points

25
Q

t = X^2

A

the time it takes a particle to diffuse is equal to the square of the distance it must travel

26
Q

V = L^3

A

Volume equates to the length cubed

27
Q

A = L^2

A

Area equates to the length squared

28
Q

Solutions to Size

A
  • Decrease metabolic processes limited by diffusion
  • Change shape to increase surface area
  • Divide the organism into smaller cells to increase SA
  • Bulk flow systems
29
Q

Prokaryotes -> Eukaryotes

A

membrane needed more SA so it folded in on itself

30
Q

Isometry

A
  • Growth of structure is proportional to growth of body
  • Same shaped structures, different sizes (baby to adult)
31
Q

Allometry

A
  • Growth of structure isn’t proportional to growth of body
  • Different shaped structures, different sizes (baby to adult)
32
Q

Growth Slope is larger than predicted slope

A

positive allometry

33
Q

Growth slope is smaller than predicted slope

A

negative allometry

34
Q

growth slope is the same as predicted slope

A

isometry

35
Q

scaling relationships

A

y/x relationship = Predicted

36
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in cell number

37
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size without an increase in number

38
Q

Endotherms

A

Can regulate metabolic heat production