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Biology 162 Final Exam > Module 4- cell communication > Flashcards

Module 4- cell communication Flashcards

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1
Q

Closed system

A

Tends towards equilibrium

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2
Q

Open system

A

Tends away from equilibrium

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3
Q

Steady state

A

Flow in = Flow out

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4
Q

Conformers

A

Body temp adapts to their environment

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5
Q

Regulators

A

remain at relatively the same body temp

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6
Q

Homeostasis

A

Organisms maintain a target set point for all their processes

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7
Q

Positive feedback

A

Feedback loop that continually moves father and farther from the homeostatic target

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8
Q

Negative feedback loop

A

The body will stop/start processes to return the system back to homeostasis

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9
Q

Sensor

A

Senses the level of the variable

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10
Q

set point

A

desired level of the environment

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10
Q

Comparator

A

Compares what the sensor has read with what the set point is. It will send out an error signal if the environment isn’t at the set point.

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11
Q

Effector

A

Returns the environment back to set point when needed

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12
Q

Autocrine

A

Cell sends signal to itself

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13
Q

Paracrine

A

Cell sends signal to nearby cells

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14
Q

Endocrine

A

Cell sends signals through the blood stream to far cells

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15
Q

Endocrine Glands

A

Ductless glands that stays in the body

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16
Q

Exocrine Gland

A

Signals go to a duct that usually leads to the GI tract or the surface of the organism

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17
Q

Polar hormones

A

can pass though the blood alone but need a membrane protein to enter the cell

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18
Q

Non-Polar hormones

A

Need protein carriers in the blood but can enter the cell on its own

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19
Q

Affinity

A

Strength of a bond

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20
Q

Membrane bound receptors

A

Receptors on the outside of the cell and cause a transduction pathway without the signal having to enter the cell

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21
Q

Cytoplasmic receptor

A

Receptor inside the cell which brings the signal into the nucleus

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22
Q

Open circulatory system

A

fluid- hemolymph
oxygen transfer- sinuses
pump- Heart

23
Q

closed circulatory system

A

Fluid- blood
Oxygen transfer- capillaries
pump- heart

24
Q

Early metazoans

A
  • non directional bulk flow
  • Fluid movement is generated by cilia and gut muscles
25
Q

Plant hormones

A
  • Peptides, small organic molecules
  • local or distant
26
Q

Animal hormons

A
  • Peptides, small organic molecules, and proteins
  • usually distant
27
Q

germinates

A

plant seed starts to grow when environmental conditions are right

28
Q

Gibberellins

A

Signal the synthesis of hydrolytic enzymes that breakdown stored

29
Q

Phototropism

A

movement of a plant to the light source

30
Q

Coleoptile

A

Sheet of plant cells that can sense light and move towards it

31
Q

Phototropins

A

auxin triggers the production of this protein by moving into the plant cells in the shady side of the plant

32
Q

Moves particles short distances

A

Apoplast and symplast

33
Q

Moves particles long distances

A

Xylem- dead cells that move water, minerals, and hormones
Phloem- living cells that move the products of photosynthesis

34
Q

Water potential

A

Reliant on osmotic potential and pressure potential

35
Q

Dentrites

A

Main structure which receives the signal

36
Q

Cell body

A

Can receive the signal, contains the organelles of the neuron

37
Q

Axon Hillock

A

Location of summation

38
Q

Axon

A

Carries the action potential to the next neuron

39
Q

Chemical gradient

A

concentration gradient: high to low

40
Q

Electrical gradient

A

gradient: positive attracts negative

41
Q

leak channels

A

some ions can pass across the membrane

42
Q

Ligand Gated Channels

A

open and close when a compound attaches to it

43
Q

Voltage gated channel

A

open close based on the charge distribution

44
Q

Permeability

A

Ability of an ion to move across the membrane

45
Q

Depolarization

A

Membrane becomes more positive

46
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

Membrane becomes more negative

47
Q

Repolarization

A

Returns to resting potential (-70) after a disturbance

48
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

space between the pre-synaptic cell and the post-synaptic cell

49
Q

neurotransmitter

A

what is passed between neurons

50
Q

EPSP

A
  • Excitatory post synaptic potentials
  • Depolarization
51
Q

IPSP

A
  • Inhibitory post synaptic potentials
  • Hyperpolarization
52
Q

Graded Potential

A
  • minor change
  • depolarized or hyperpolarized
  • doesn’t meet threshold
53
Q

Action Potential

A
  • major change
  • always depolarized
  • threshold required
  • steady state
54
Q

Increase pressure

A

doesn’t increase action potential size but it does increas its frequency

Biology 162 Final Exam (5 decks)

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