Module 5 - Keywords Flashcards

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1
Q

Generator potential

A

Small depolarisation caused by sodium ions entering the cell

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2
Q

Resting potential

A

When neurone is at rest (no stimulus), -70mV. Sodium/potassium ion pumps [3 out/2 in], K+ leakage

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3
Q

Depolarisation

A

Loss of polarisation due to entry of Na+ entering the cell. Potential difference across membrane becomes less negative

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4
Q

Threshold potential

A

Creates an action potential. There is a big enough stimulus for enough Na+ to enter the cell for the potential difference to exceed -50mV

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5
Q

Action potential

A

Membrane is depolarised to +50mV. All or nothing response. Transmitted along axon membrane

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6
Q

Repolarisation

A

Membrane becomes polarised again due to loss of K+ through v-g channels. Potential difference across membrane becomes more negative

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7
Q

Hyperpolarisation

A

Too many K+ diffuse out - potential difference under -70mV

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8
Q

Refractory Period

A

Following an action potential, there is a need to redistribute sodium and potassium ions and restore resting potential. During this time another impulse cannot be generated. Ensured impulses are separated, determines maximum frequency of impulse transmission, ensure impulse passes in one direction only along axon

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9
Q

Local Currents

A

Movements of ions along the neurone

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10
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

How the action potential ‘jumps’ from one Node of Ranvier to the next

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11
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of unwanted/toxic/waste products of metabolism

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12
Q

Deamination

A

Removes the amine group from amino acid, produces keto acid (can be respired) + also produces ammonia (soluble + highly toxic). Occurs in the liver

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13
Q

Ornithine cycle

A

Ammonia is converted into urea

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14
Q

Ultrafiltration

A

Filtration at molecular level in glomerulus by the basement membrane; smaller molecules (urea, water, glucose, amino acids, ions) are filtered out of the blood into the lumen of the Bowman’s capsule

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15
Q

Selective Reabsorption

A

Useful substances are reabsorbed from the nephron (most happens in the PCT) into the blood e.g. glucose. Excretory substances remain in the nephron e.g. urea

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16
Q

Hairpin countercurrent multiplier

A

Arrangement of a tubule in a sharp U shape so one part passes close to another with the fluid in opposite directions. Allows exchange between the contents + can be used to create a high concentration of solutes

17
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Control and regulation of water potential of the blood and bodily fluids. Controlled by the kidney (particularly the collecting duct)

18
Q

Osmoreceptors

A

Monitor changes in water potential of the blood. Found in the hypothalamus

19
Q

Neurosecretory cells

A

Make ADH in the hypothalamus in response to low water potential in the blood. This collect in the terminal bulb found in the posterior pituitary gland where ADH is released

20
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone. Increases reabsorption of water

21
Q

Dialysis

A

Use of a partially permeable membrane to filter the blood

22
Q

Endocrine glands

A

Produce and secrete hormones directly into the blood - they have no ducts

23
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Do not produce hormones - they secrete molecules into a duct which carries them to where they are needed

24
Q

Hormones

A

Molecules released by endocrine lands into the blood and act as messengers carrying a signal from the endocrine gland to the target tissue

25
Q

Target cells/tissue

A

Possess specific receptors on their cell surface membrane which is complementary in shape to a hormone molecule

26
Q

Hepatocytes

A

Liver cells

27
Q

Diabetes mellitus

A

A disease in which you can’t control your blood glucose concentrations effectively

28
Q

Hyperglycemia

A

Blood glucose levels are too high

29
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Blood glucose levels are too low

30
Q

Glycogenolysis

A

Glycogen being converted into glucose. Occurs in the liver.

31
Q

Gluconeogenesis

A

Fatty acids/amino acids –> glucose. Occurs in the liver

32
Q

Glycogenesis

A

Glucose being converted into glycogen. Occurs in the liver

33
Q

Myogenic

A

Muscle can initiate its own contractions