Module 2 - Keywords

Question 1

Resolution

Answer 1

The ability to be able to distinguish between two objects which are close together

Question 2

Magnification

Answer 2

The degree to which the size of an image if larger than the object itself

Question 3

Staining

Answer 3

The process which helps reveal or distinguish different features

Question 4

Cytoskeleton

Answer 4

The network of protein fibres found within cells that give structure and shape to the cell

Question 5

Organelle

Answer 5

A particular structure of a cell which has a specialised/specific function

Question 6

Phospholipid bilayer

Answer 6

The basic structural components of plasma/cell surface membranes, consisting of two layers of phospholipid

Question 7

Fluid mosaic model

Answer 7

Model of the cell surface/plasma membrane

Question 8

Cell signalling

Answer 8

Cells communicate with one another by signals e.g. hormones, to help them work together and coordinate their actions

Question 9

Diffusion

Answer 9

The net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration of that molecule to a region of lower concentration of that molecule down a concentration gradient. This is a passive process

Question 10

Facilitated diffusion

Answer 10

The net movement of molecules from a region of high concentration of that molecule to a region of lower concentration of that molecule down a concentration gradient through carrier proteins (large molecules) or channel proteins (ions). This is a passive process

Question 11

Active transport

Answer 11

The movement of molecules or ions across a membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration of that molecule, against the concentration gradient. This process uses ATP to drive the protein ‘pumps’ within the membrane

Question 12

Osmosis

Answer 12

The net movement of water molecules from a region of high water potential to an area of lower water potential, down the water potential gradient across a partially Permeable membrane. This is a passive process

Question 13

Solute

Answer 13

A solid that dissolves in a liquid

Question 14

Solvent

Answer 14

A liquid that dissolves solids

Question 15

Solution

Answer 15

A liquid containing dissolved solids

Question 16

Cell cycle

Answer 16

Describes the events that take place as one parent cell divides to produce two new daughter cells which then each grow to full size

Question 17

Mitosis

Answer 17

The process of nuclear division where two genetically identical nuclei are formed from one parent cell nucleus

Question 18

Clones

Answer 18

Genetically identical cells or organisms derived from one parent

Question 19

Differentiation

Answer 19

The changes occurring in cells of a multicellular organism so that each different type of cell becomes specialised to perform a specific function

Question 20

Cytokine

Answer 20

An example of a cell signal

Question 21

Tissue

Answer 21

A group of similar, specialised cells of more than one type working together to perform a common specific function

Question 22

Organ

Answer 22

A collection of tissues that work together to carry out a common specific function

Question 23

Stem cells

Answer 23

Cells that are not differentiated and are capable of mitosis and differentiation to become other cell types

Question 24

Metabolism

Answer 24

The sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking in cells of an organism

Question 25

Polysaccharides

Answer 25

Polymers of monosaccharides. They consist of hundreds or thousands of monosaccharide monomers bonded together to form a single large molecule

Question 26

Hydrolysis

Answer 26

Breaking a bond with the addition of a water molecule

Question 27

Condensation

Answer 27

Forming a bond with the removal of a water molecule

Question 28

Primary structure

Answer 28

Sequence or order of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

Question 29

Secondary structure

Answer 29

The coiling/folding of the polypeptide into an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet held together with hydrogen bonds between the amino acids

Question 30

Tertiary structure

Answer 30

The final 3D shape of the protein. The shape is held in place with hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds between oppositely charged R groups, disulphide bridges and hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions

Question 31

Quaternary structure

Answer 31

made up of more than one polypeptide chain joined together to make the final functional protein

Question 32

Lipids

Answer 32

Substances that dissolved in organic solvents like alcohol but not water

Question 33

Saturated fatty acids

Answer 33

Fatty acids with no double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain

Question 34

Unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 34

Fatty acids with at least one double bond in the hydrocarbon chain

Question 35

Triglyceride

Answer 35

3 fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule with 3 ester bonds

Question 36

Nucleotides

Answer 36

Monomers of nucleic acids. Made of a phosphate group, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base

Question 37

Gene

Answer 37

A length of DNA that codes for a specific protein

Question 38

Enzyme

Answer 38

Biological catalysts which reduce the activation energy required for a reaction to take place. They are protein molecules

Question 39

Activation energy

Answer 39

The required amount of energy for a chemical reaction to take place

Question 40

Active site

Answer 40

A region on the surface of an enzyme molecule where a substrate can bind and where the reaction takes place

Question 41

Enzyme specificity

Answer 41

One enzyme’s active site is complementary in shape to only one substrate molecule

Question 42

Catalyst

Answer 42

A molecule which speeds up a reaction but remains unchanged and is not used up in the reaction

Question 43

Extracellular

Answer 43

Chemical reactions taking place outside of the cell

Question 44

Intracellular

Answer 44

Chemical reactions taking place inside of the cell

Question 45

Denaturation

Answer 45

When the active site of an enzyme changes shape due to the breaking of bonds, losing its tertiary structure and complementary shape to the substrate