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Biology: Paper 1: Biological Processes > Module 5 - Homeostasis > Flashcards

Module 5 - Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

where are the adrenal glands found?

A

found above the kidneys

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2
Q

what type of glands are adrenal glands?

A

endocrine glands

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3
Q

what are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

cortex and medulla

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4
Q

what does the cortex do?

A

secretes steroid hormones

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5
Q

example of hormones cortex secretes?

A

cortisol and aldosterone

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6
Q

what are cortisol and aldosterone ?

A

stress hormones and promotes glucogeneisis

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7
Q

what is glucogeneisis ?

A

(proteins and lipids made in to glucose) for respiration

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8
Q

what do the hormones in the cortex do?

A
  • cause the kidney to reabsorb more Na+ + H20
  • increases blood pressure and volume
  • surpressed immune system
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9
Q

what is the role of the medulla?

A

secretes hormones

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10
Q

example of hormones found in the medulla?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

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11
Q

what do adrenaline and noradrenaline do?

A
  • increase heart rate and breathing rate
  • promote glycogenolysis
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12
Q

what is glycogenolysis?

A

Glucogen -> Glucose (for respiration)

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13
Q

what type of glands is the pancreas part of?

A

endocrine glands

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14
Q

what is the pancreas found in the body?

A
  • ## found below the stomach
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15
Q

what does the pancreas contain?

A

the islets of langerhans

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16
Q

what is the islets of langerhans?

A
  • the endocrine tissue
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17
Q

what are the two type of cells?

A

alpha and beta cells

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18
Q

what do alpha cells secrete?

A

glucogan

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19
Q

what do beta cells secretes?

A

insulin

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20
Q

what are the steps of normal blood glucose?

A

-potassium ion channel is open
- potassium diffuses out of the beta cell
- inside of the cell is relatively negative (-70mv)
- calcium ion channel is closed

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21
Q

what are the steps of high blood glucose?

A
  • blood glucose levels become high
  • glucose enters by facilitate diffusion
  • glucose is respired to form ATP is the mitochondria
  • ATP belong the potassium channel
  • membrane depolarises
  • calcium ion channels open
  • caclium diffuses into the beta cells
  • causes the vesicles of insulin to be releases exocytosis
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22
Q

what can you make glucose from?

A
  • non - carbohydrates (e.g. lipids)
  • glycogen
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23
Q

what type of reaction is glucose to glycogen and vice versa?

A
  • one way reaction
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24
Q

structure of glycogen?

A

1-6 glycosisic bonds
-strongly branched polymer

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25
Q

What is glycogenolysis?

A
  • Splitting of glycogen
  • promoted by glucagon and adrenaline
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26
Q

what is gluconeogensis?

A
  • making new glucose
  • promoted by glucagon
27
Q

what is glycogensis?

A
  • making glycogen
  • the hormone that does this is insulin
28
Q

what cells secrete glucagon?

A

alphacells - in the islets of langerhans

29
Q

what cell secrete adrenaline?

A

adrenal glands

30
Q

what cells secrete insulin?

A

beta cells - in the islets of langerhans

31
Q

when does this happen for glucagon?

A

low blood glucose

32
Q

when does this happen for adrenaline?

A

low blood glucose

33
Q

when does this happen for insulin?

A

high blood glucose

34
Q

where does glucagon attach to the receptors?

A

liver

35
Q

where does adrenaline attach to the receptors?

A

liver

36
Q

where does insulin attach to the receptors?

A

liver and muscles

37
Q

what does glucagon have the effect on blood glucose?

A

increases it

38
Q

what does adrenaline have the effect on blood glucose?

A

increases it

39
Q

what does insulin have the effect on blood glucose?

A
  • decreases it
40
Q

what are the mechanisms of glucagon?

A
  • decreases the rate of respiration
  • glycogenolysis (glycogen to glucose)
  • glycogeneolysis
    (non carbs to glucose)
    e.g. lipids and amino acids
41
Q

what are the mechanisms of adrenaline?

A
  • activates glycogeneolysis
  • secretes insulin
  • inhbits glycogenosis
  • secretion of glucagon
42
Q

what are the mechanisms of insulin?

A
  • increases the rate of respiration
  • glucogensis (glucose -> glycogen)
  • increase liver + muscle cells permeability beta glucose
43
Q

what is diabetes?

A

An illnesses when blood glucose levels are no controlled

44
Q

what is hyperglycaenia?

A

dangerously high blood glucose concentration

45
Q

what is hypoglycanemia?

A

dangerously low blood glucose concentration

46
Q

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

A

immune system kill beta cells in the islets of Langerhans
- they cannot produce insulin

47
Q

what is the cause of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • obesity
  • lack of exercise
  • poor diet
  • beta cells do not respond to insulin
  • liver and muscle cells stop responding to the insulin
48
Q

what age group is common for type 1 diabetes?

A

children and young adults

49
Q

what age group is common for type 2 diabetes?

A

adults and elderly

50
Q

what is the effect on blood glucose for type 1 diabetes?

A
  • rise after eating carbs
    (hyperglucaenmia)
  • stays high ->kidneys -> cannot remove all the glucose from urine
51
Q

what is the effect on blood glucose for type2 diabetes?

A
  • rise after eating carbohydrates
  • hyperglycanenmia
52
Q

what are the treatments for type 1 ?

A
  • insulin injection/pump
  • too much insulin can result in hypoglycemia
  • avoid simple carbohydrates such as sugars
  • eat at regular intervals
    regular exercise to use up glucose
53
Q

what are the treatments for type 2?

A
  • eat healthily
  • lose weight
    regular exercise
  • drugs to reduce the amount of glucose replaced
  • increases sensitivity to insulin
  • produce more insulin
54
Q

what are the two main treatments of type 1?

A
  • genetically modified bacteria
  • using stem cells
55
Q

how can genetically modified bacteria be made?

A

using human insulin

56
Q

what are the advantages of genetically modified bacteria?

A
  • human insulin means fewer immune reactions
  • insulin produced is pure - no contamination
    can be made in larger quantities
  • faster
  • cheaper
57
Q

what are the disadvantages of genetically modified bacteria?

A
  • uses genetically modified bacteria
  • some people have religious or ethical objections
58
Q

how can genetically stem cells be made?

A

inject stem cells into the beta cell of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
- uses totipotent embrotonic stem cells
differentiate into functional beta cells which can produce and secrete insulin

59
Q

what are the advantages of using stem cells?

A
  • patients do not need to inject insulin
  • treatments lasts to the lifetime of the patient
60
Q

what are the disadvantages of using stem cells?

A
  • requires use of embryonic stem cells
  • some people have religious or ethical objections
  • stem cells may develop other type of cells and cause harms e.g tumours/cancers
61
Q

What are endotherms?

A

Organisms that internally control their body temperature by homeostasis e.g mammals, birds

62
Q

What are ectotherms?

A

Organisms that depend on external sources of heat e.g. reptiles

63
Q

Features of endotherms?

A
  • control body temperature
  • behaviour - dog sticking out tongue when not
  • sweating, cool off in water/shade
  • high and constant rate of metabolism
  • not dependent on the environment- does not rely on temperature
  • high and constant body temperature
64
Q

Features of ectotherms?

A
  • behaviour e.g basking in sun
  • dependent on the environment
  • activity depends on the environment- e.g. active when they are warm
  • body temperature - variable

Biology: Paper 1: Biological Processes (12 decks)

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