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Biology: Paper 1: Biological Processes > Module 2 - biological molecules > Flashcards

Module 2 - biological molecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 elements are carbohydrates made from?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

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2
Q

What are carbohydrates

A

Carbohydrates are made up of single monomer units called monosaccharides

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3
Q

What are monosaccharides ?

A

single sugars

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4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

Hexoses
Glucose
Fructose
pentose
Ribose
Deoxyribose

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5
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

when 2 monomers join together

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6
Q

examples of disaccharides

A

Maltose
lactose
sucrose

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7
Q

What is maltose composed of?

A

two glucose molecules

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8
Q

What is a polysaccharide?

A

When many monosaccharides join

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9
Q

examples of polysaccharides?

A

Glycogen
Cellulose
Starch

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10
Q

What are oliosaccharides?

A

they have shorter - chain polysaccharide
- these are not sugars

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11
Q

Properties of monosaccharides

A
  • single molecules
  • sweet to taste
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12
Q

Do monosaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

A

No

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13
Q

Structure of monosaccharides

A

exist as a single ring shape

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14
Q

Solubility of monosaccharides in water

A

soluble

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15
Q

Roles of monosaccharides

A
  • energy release, transported in blood
  • monomers for other carbohydrates
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16
Q

Properties of disaccharides?

A
  • two molecules covalently joined
  • sweet to taste
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17
Q

Do disaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

A

single glycosidic bonds

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18
Q

Structure of disaccharides

A

two rings joined

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19
Q

Role of disaccharides

A
  • energy release, storage, and transport within plants
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20
Q

Properties of polysaccharides

A
  • many molecules covalently joined to each other
  • not sweet
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21
Q

Solubility of polysaccharides in water?

A

insoluble

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22
Q

do polysaccharides have glycosidic bonds?

A
  • many glycosidic bonds
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23
Q

structure of polysaccharides?

A
  • long chains which may be branched and coiled
  • compact
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24
Q

roles of polysaccharides?

A

-energy storage, structural component of the cell walls

25
Q

Solubility of monosaccharides in water?

A

soluble

26
Q

Two types of starch?

A

amylose and amylopectin

27
Q

What is glucose?

A

Glucose in living organisms is a substrate used in aerobic respiration. This releases energy. It is small/soluble

28
Q

Glucose formula

A

C6H12O6

29
Q

what type of sugar is glucose?

A

Hexose sugar

30
Q

Glucose exists in two forms:

A

alpha and beta

31
Q

difference between alpha and glucose molecule

A
  • same molecular formula, arranged differently.
  • affects how moleules behave when they join to form polymers
32
Q

what type of sugar are Ribose and deoxyribose

A
  • Both pentose
    C5H10O5
33
Q

What is ribose used for?

A

Used in RNA

34
Q

What is deoxyribose used for?

A

used in DNA

35
Q

Features of disaccharides?

A

They form when a condensation reaction (loss of water) happens between 2 monosaccharides, forming 1-4 glycosidic bonds

36
Q

How does maltose get breakdown into glucose?

A
  • Hydrolysis reaction occurs
  • addition of water
  • and enzyme - maltose
37
Q

Are all disaccharides reducing sugars?

A

Yes apart from sucrose

38
Q

What roles does sucrose have in organisms?

A

Sugar is transported in the phloem of the plant

39
Q

What role does lactose have in mammals?

A
  • High in energy
  • used in milk
40
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

large polymers which are made by joined by lots of monosaccharides together by condensation reactions, creating long chains

41
Q

What bonds are monosaccharides joined by?

A

glycosidiacc bonds

42
Q

Roles of polysacchardies?

A

Used as energy stores
- starch (plant cells)
- Glycogen (animal cells)
Structural strengths
- Cellulose (plant cell walls)

43
Q

What is starch made from?

A

Starch is made from alpha glucose molecules arranged in 2 different ways; amylose and amylopectin

44
Q

What is amylose?

A

long chains of 1,4, linked aplha glucose, coiled into a spiral shape

45
Q

What bonds are amylose held by?

A

It is stabilised by hydrogen bonds holding the helix shape

46
Q

What is amylopectin?

A

long chains 1,4 linked alpha glucose molecules with short branches (1,6 linked)

47
Q

How is the structure of starch made as a good energy storage molecules in plants?

A
  • unreactive - it is used as an energy store
  • compact - a lot can be stored in a small space inside the cell due to amylopectin being branched and amylose being a helix
  • energy is released for respiration
48
Q

What is glycogen?

A
  • main energy store in animals
  • made of long chains of alpha glucose with 1-4 glycosidic bonds, highly branched (1-6 glycosidic bonds)
49
Q

How is glycogen different to amylopectin?

A
  • shorter chains
  • more branches
  • more compact
  • can be stored into a small space
50
Q

Why would animals need an energy storage molecule that is even more branched than found in plant cells?

A

-more branches means it is broken down more rapidly and release energy needed for cellular reactions
- animals are far more active than plants

51
Q

where is cellulose found in plants?

A

cell walls

52
Q

what is cellulose made from?

A

Beta glucose

53
Q

Is cellulose a polysaccharide?

A

yes

54
Q

How do beta glucose molecules join together?

A

They can join together if every other molecule is flipped 180 degrees

55
Q

Structure of cellulose?

A

straight chain molecule
NOT coiled or branched

56
Q

What bonds are formed between cellulose?

A

dellulose chains are linked by hydrogen bonds forming strong fibres called microfibrils

57
Q

what are macrofibrils?

A

They are weak hydrogen bonds joined together to give them great strength

58
Q

what happens to the macromolecules?

A
  • they cross over each other to form the cell wall of plants
  • they are embedded in a gel like structure called pectin which holds them into place

Biology: Paper 1: Biological Processes (12 decks)

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