Module 2 - cell division Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the G1 phase ?

A

proteins required for organelles are synthesised

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2
Q

what is the s phase?

A

Dna replication takes place, resulting in the double mass of DNA in the cell

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3
Q

what is the G2 phase?

A

organelles grow and divide, energy reserves and increases

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4
Q

what three steps is the interphase composed of?

A
  • G1 phase
  • S phase
    G2 phase
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5
Q

what is mitosis ?

A

when the nucleus divides into two

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6
Q

what is cytokinesis?

A
  • the cytoplasm divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells
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7
Q

where do the checkpoints occur?

A
  • the end of G1 - before DNA replication occurs
  • end of the G2 stage before mitosis begins
  • spindle assembly to esnure chromosomes are aligned on the spindle
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8
Q

what happens in prophase ?

A
  • chromsomes comprimise of two genetically identical threads called sister chromatids joined by a centromere
  • nuclear envelope disappears
  • the centrioles move to the poles of the cells, producing a network of spindle fibres between them
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9
Q

what happens in metaphase ?

A
  • the chromosomes move to the equator of the cell
  • each one becomes attached to a spindle fibre by its centromere
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10
Q

what happens in anaphase ?

A
  • the spindle fibres contract, which separates the sister chromatids
  • spindle fibres pull the chromatids towards opposite poles of the cell centromere
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11
Q

what is telophase ?

A
  • nuclear envelope forms around each pole to form two new nuclei
  • chromosomes start to uncoil
  • spindle fibres breakdown
  • two new daughter cells are formed
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12
Q

what is the significant of mitosis?

A
  • asexual reproduction
  • growth
  • tissue repair
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13
Q

what is prophase 1 in meiosis?

A

chromatids condense, homologous chromosomes form bivalents,crossing over occurs

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14
Q

what is metaphase 1 in meiosis?

A

bivalents line up at the equator, independent assortment occurs

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15
Q

what is anaphase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • spindle fibres pull homologous chromosomes opposite poles of the cell
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16
Q

what is telophase 1 in meiosis?

A
  • followed by cytokinesis
  • nuclear envelope forms around nuclei
17
Q

what is prophase 2 in meiosis?

A

chromosomes condense, spindle fibres re-form nuclear envelope breaks down again

18
Q

what is metaphase 2 in meiosis?

A
  • chromosomes randomly arrange themselves on spindle fibres at equator by centromeres, so independent assortment occurs
19
Q

what is anaphase 2 in meiosis?

A

chromatids are pulled by apart by contracting spindle fibres to poles of the cell

20
Q

what is telophase 2 in meiosis?

A

followed by cytokinesis
nuclear envelope forms around new haploid nuclei

21
Q

what is hapolid cell?

A

it has half the chromosomes of the dipolid parent cells

22
Q

what are homologous chromosomes?

A
  • pair of chromosomes that have the same genes at the same nuceli
23
Q

what is crossing over?

A

homologous pairs form bivalents so that the non-sister chromatids can cross over at locations called chiasmata and exchange sections of chromosomes

24
Q

what is independent assortment?

A

caused by the random distribution and separation of homologous chromosome during metaphase 1 and the random distribution and segregation of sister chromatids and metaphase 2.

25
Q

what is a cell?

A

the fundamental unit of life

26
Q

what is a tissue ?

A

a collection of similar cells working together with a common function

27
Q

what is an organ?

A

a collection of tissues working together to perform a particular function

28
Q

what is an organ system?

A
  • a collection of organs working together in a specific role
29
Q

what are eryhrocytes?

A

red blood cells that contain haemoglobin to transport oxygen from lungs to body tissues

30
Q

what is a cilitated epithelial cell?

A

has tiny extensions called cilia to move mucus along the mucous membrane or ova long the fallopian tubes

31
Q

what is a neutrophill?

A

a type of white blood cell involved in phagocytosis with a cytoplasm filled with lysosomes to break down phagocytosed material

32
Q

what is a squamous epithelial cell?

A

found in the lining of surfaces such as lungs and blood vessels. Has a flat, thin shape to facilitate diffusion of materials across it.

33
Q

what is a sperm cell?

A

flasgellum used to swim to ovum using energy released by the hydrolysis of ATP in the mitochdria in middle section

34
Q

what is a palisade cell?

A

long and thin so that many chloroplasts can absorb maximum sunlight

35
Q

what is a guard cell?

A
  • arranged in pairs around the stoamata to control water vapour loss from plants.
  • they have a thickened cell wall surrounding the pore which causes the bending of the cell when its turgid
36
Q

what is the root hair cell?

A

long hair maximises surface area in contact with soil for uptake of water and mineral ions

37
Q

what are totipotent cells?

A
  • occurs only for a limited amount of time in early mammalian embryos
  • can differentiate to produce any type of body cell, including plancental cells
38
Q

what are pluripotent cells?

A
  • found in embryos
  • can differentiate into all tissue types except placental cells
39
Q

what are multipotent cells?

A
  • found in many tissues any post embryonic life stage
  • can differentiate to form a limited number of different cell types