Module 5 - Endocrines Flashcards
What does the Thyroid Gland release?
Thyroid Hormones and Calcitonin
What does Calcitonin do?
Lowers blood calcium level
What do parathyroid glands release?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
What does the Parathyroid hormone do?
Raises blood calcium
What two components make the Adrenal Glands?
Adrenal Medulla and Adrenal Cortex
What does the Adrenal Medulla release?
Adrenaline and noradrenaline
What does Adrenaline and noradrenaline do?
Raise blood glucose level; increase metabolic activity and constrict or dilate blood vessels
What does the Adrenal Cortex do?
Glucocorticoids And Mineralocorticoids
What do Glucocorticoids do?
Raise blood glucose levels
What do Mineralocorticoids do?
Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys
What two major endocrines do ovaries release?
Oestrogens and Progesterone
What does progesterone do?
Promotes uterine lining growth
What major endocrine do the testicles release?
Androgens
What do androgens do?
Support sperm formation, promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics.
What do the Pineal Glands release?
Melatonin
What does melatonin do?
Participates in regulation of biological rhythms
What hormones do the Posterior Pituitary glands release?
Oxytocin and Vasopressin
What does Oxytocin do?
Stimulates contract of uterus and mammary gland cells
What is Vasopressin also known as?
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
What does Vasopressin do?
Promotes retention of water by kidneys;
What part of the brain influences social behaviour and bonding?
Posterior Pituitary
What hormones does the Anterior Pituitary release? (7)
- Folicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)
- Luteinising Hormone (LH)
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
- Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
- Prolactin
- Growth Hormone
- Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone
What does Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone do? (FSH) and (LH)
Stimulate Ovaries and Testes
What does TSH do?
Stimulate the Thyroid gland and raise BMR
What do Andronocorticotropic hormones (ACTH) do?
Stimulates the adrenal cortex
What does prolactin do?
Stimulate the mammary glands
What do growth hormones do?
Stimulate growth and metabolic functions
What hormone affects colour of melanocytes?
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)?
What does the Pancreas release?
Insulin and glucagon
What organs contain endocrine cells?
Thymus, Heart, Liver, Stomach, Kidney and Small Intestines
What hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary have tropic effects?
FSH/LH, TSH and ACTH
What hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary have nontropic effects?
Prolactin and MSH
What hormones released by the Anterior Pituitary have both tropic and nontropic effects?
Growth Hormone
What are tropic hormones?
Hormones that regulate the function of other endocrine cells or glands
What endocrine cells do LH and FSH sitmulate?
The male and female gonads
What endocrine cells do TSH stimulate?
The thyroid
What endocrine cells do ACTH stimulate?
The adrenal cortex
What are nontropic hormones?
Hormones that target nonendocrine tissue
What does prolactin do in freshwater fish?
Regulate salt and water balance
What does Prolactin do in birds?
Regulates reproduction
What does Prolactin do in Amphibians?
Delays metamorphosis
What cells of the pancreas release insulin and glucagon?
Beta release insulin, alpha release gulcagon
What do enteric divisions control?
Gastro pathways
Difference in glucose between starch and cellulose?
Starch: a-glucose
Cellulose: b-glucose
What are the primary catecholamines?
The primary catecholamines are dopamine, epinephrine (adrenaline), and norepinephrine.
The hypophyseal portal system?
The hypophyseal portal system is a system of blood vessels in the microcirculation at the base of the brain, connecting the hypothalamus with the anterior pituitary. Its main function is to quickly transport and exchange hormones between the hypothalamus arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary gland.
What connects oxygen to haemoglobin?
Positive cooperativity
How does CO2 kick off O2 from haem?
O2 and H+ fight for haemoglobin
Is erythroprotein only produced in the kidneys?
No, it is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver
Where is angiotensin converting enzyme produced in the body?
Lungs
Aside from releasing aldesterone in the adrenal glands, what does angiotensin 2 do?
Causes arterioles to constrict which causes blood pressure to increase
What are more elastic, veins or ateries? Why?
Arteries - If they are not elastic than they would rupture due to pressure.
What type of hormone is adrenaline?
Water soluble polypeptide
What type of hormone is thyoxine?
lipid soluble amine
What type of hormone is cortisol?
Lipid soluble steroid
What type of hormone is insulin?
Water solube polypeptide
What transduction receptor occurs with insulin?
tyrosine kinase
What is thyroxine?
Main thyroid hormone
What is residual volume?
Residual volume is the amount of air that remains in a person’s lungs after fully exhaling
