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BIOM1050 > Module 4 - Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Module 4 - Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

<p>What vessels transport deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?</p>

A

<p>Pulmonary arteries</p>

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2
Q

<p>What vessels transport deoxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart?</p>

A

<p>Pulmonary veins</p>

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3
Q

<p>Do sponges have tissues?</p>

A

<p>They lack true tissues (and thus no organs)</p>

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4
Q

<p>How is a kangaroo able to jump at higher intensities without expenditure of too much energy?</p>

A

<p>By relying on the elastic snapping of tendons in the legs. It exerts as much energy technically at lower levels of hopping than faster ones</p>

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5
Q

<p>What is TSH?</p>

A

<p>Thyroid stimulating hormone</p>

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6
Q

<p>What does the thyroid hormone do?</p>

A

<p>Stimulates release of thyroid oxygen consumption and heat production in all nearby body tisues</p>

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7
Q

<p>Five types of epithelial tissue?</p>

A 
<p>Stratified squamous epithelium
Pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Cuboidal epithelium</p>
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8
Q

<p>Where is cuboidal epithelium found? How does it structure play into its role?</p>

A

<p>With diced-shaped cells specialised for secretion,it makes up tubules for many glands including the kidney tubules, thyroid glands and salivary glands</p>

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9
Q

<p>Where are simple columnar epithelium found?</p>

A

<p>Where active absorption is most important, such as in the intestines</p>

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10
Q

<p>Where is simple squamous epithelium found?</p>

A

<p>The single layer of platelike cells form a simple squamous epithelium found in thin membrane-exchange areas, such as blood vessels and the lungs</p>

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11
Q

<p>Were is stratified squamous epithelium found? What is so special about it?</p>

A

<p>It is multilayered and regenerates rapidly. Found on areas subject to abrasion, such as the skin, mouth, anus and vagina</p>

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12
Q

<p>Where are stratified squamous epithelium cells regenerated?</p>

A

<p>Near the basal layer</p>

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13
Q

<p>What does polarity of epithelia mean?</p>

A

<p>All epithelia have two different sides;the apical surface faces the lumen (cavity) and is exposed to fluid or air. The other side is the basal layer.</p>

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14
Q

<p>What are mostly found in the extracellular matrix of connective tissue?</p>

A

<p>Fibroblasts and macrophages</p>

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15
Q

<p>What do fibroblasts do?</p>

A

<p>Secrete fibre proteins</p>

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16
Q

<p>Three stages of cell signalling?</p>

A

<p>1. Reception

2. Transduction
3. Response</p>

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17
Q

<p>What is endocrine signalling?</p>

A

<p>Secreted molecules (hormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body</p>

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18
Q

<p>What is synaptic signalling?</p>

A

<p>Secreted molecules (neurotransmitters) diffuse across a synapse, triggering a response in cells of the targeted tissue</p>

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19
Q

<p>What is neuroendocrine signalling?</p>

A

<p>Secreted molecules (neurohormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body</p>

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20
Q

<p>What is paracrine signalling?</p>

A

<p>Secreted molecules (local regulators) diffuse locally through the ECF, triggering a response in neighbouring cells</p>

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21
Q

<p>What is autocrine signalling?</p>

A

<p>Secreted molecules (local regulatorS) diffuse locally, triggering a response in the cell which secreted them</p>

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22
Q

<p>What is endocrine signalling?</p>

A

<p>Secreted molecules (hormones) diffuse into the blood stream, circulate, and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body.</p>

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23
Q

<p>How do animals manager their internal environment?</p>

A

<p>By regulating their internal environment despite external functioning

OR

Allowing internal condition to conform to the external environment
</p>

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24
Q

<p>Is homeostasis dependent of independent of conditions in the external environment?</p>

A

<p>Independent </p>

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25
Q

<p>Three types of hormones?</p>

A

<p>Polypeptides, steroids and amines</p>

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26
Q

<p>How to distinguish types of hormones?</p>

A

<p>Whether it’s water-soluble (hydrophilic) or lipid-soluble (hydrophobic)</p>

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27
Q

<p>Are Amines hydophilic or hydrophobic?</p>

A

<p>Can be either</p>

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28
Q

<p>Are Steroids hydophilic or hydrophobic?</p>

A

<p>Hydrophobic</p>

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29
Q

<p>Are Polypeptides hydophilic or hydrophobic?</p>

A

<p>Hydrophilic </p>

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30
Q

<p>How are water-soluble hormones released from the secretory cell?</p>

A

<p>Via exocytosis</p>

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31
Q

<p>How are lipid-soluble hormones released from the secretory cell?</p>

A

<p>Via passive diffusion</p>

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32
Q

<p>How are water-soluble hormones transported in the blood?</p>

A

<p>Just as they are</p>

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33
Q

<p>How are lipid-soluble hormones transported in the blood?</p>

A

<p>With transport proteins</p>

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34
Q

<p>Where do water-soluble hormones connect with the receptor protein in the target cell? What happens from then?</p>

A

<p>Connects with the receptor protein at the membrane, then goes to the nucleus for gene regulation</p>

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35
Q

<p>Where do lipid-soluble hormones connect with the receptor protein in the target cell? What happens from then?</p>

A

<p>It diffuses the cell membrane and goes straight to the nucleus where it attaches to a receptor protein, couples inside for gene regulation and so further to a cytoplasmic response</p>

36
Q

<p>What type of receptor response does adreneline have?</p>

A

<p>A G-protein coupled receptor response</p>

37
Q

<p>What protein inhibits or promotes glycogen breakdown?</p>

A

<p>Protein kinase A</p>

38
Q

<p>Is Adreneline water or lipid soluble?</p>

A

<p>Water</p>

39
Q

<p>Is oestradiol water or lipid soluble?</p>

A

<p>Lipid</p>

40
Q

<p>What do thyroid hormones do?</p>

A

<p>Regulate homeostasis and development</p>

41
Q

<p>What type of receptor does Adrenalin connect to in a liver cell?</p>

A

<p>Beta receptor</p>

42
Q

<p>In a smooth muscle cell in the wall of a blood vessel that supplies skeletal muscle, what happens when Adrenaline connects to the alpha receptor?</p>

A

<p>Blood vessels dilates, increasing flow to skeletal muscle</p>

43
Q

<p>What part of the body release TSH?</p>

A

<p>Anterior pituitary gland</p>

44
Q

<p>What is TSH?</p>

A

<p>Thyroid stimulating hormone</p>

45
Q

<p>What stimulates the release of TSH in the anterior pituitary gland?</p>

A

<p>TRH from the Hypothalamus</p>

46
Q

<p>What is TRH</p>

A

<p>Thyrotropic-releasing hormone</p>

47
Q

<p>What hormones does the Thyroid gland release in response to TSH?</p>

A

<p>T3 and T4</p>

48
Q

<p>What chemical stimulates mil production in female mothers?</p>

A

<p>OXytocin</p>

49
Q

<p>What stimulates the release of oxytocin in mothers?</p>

A

<p>Suckling</p>

50
Q

<p>Where is oxytocin release from in mothers?</p>

A

<p>Smooth muscle in mammary glands</p>

51
Q

<p>What is the homeostasis blood glucose level?</p>

A

<p>90mg/100ml</p>

52
Q

<p>Difference between beta and alpha receptors?</p>

A

<p>Beta dilates/relaxes usually, and alpha constricts</p>

53
Q

<p>What happens in pancreas when blood glucose levels fall?</p>

A

<p>Alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon into the blood</p>

54
Q

<p>What does glucagon do?</p>

A

<p>Prevents blood glucose levels form dropping too drastically. It mostly does this by stimulating the conversation of glycogen in the liver to glucose</p>

55
Q

<p>What is type 1 diabetes?</p>

A

<p>An autoimmune disorder in which the system destroys pancreatic beta cells (genetic)</p>

56
Q

<p>What is type 2 diabetes?</p>

A

<p>Involves insulin deficiency or reduced response of target cells dues to change in insulin receptors</p>

57
Q

<p>What type of molecule is renin?</p>

A

<p>An enzyme</p>

58
Q

<p>What type of molecule is angotensin 2 and aldosterone?</p>

A

<p>Hormones</p>

59
Q

<p>What type of molecule is angiotensin 1?</p>

A

<p>Hormone</p>

60
Q

<p>What molecule converts angiotensin 1 to 2?</p>

A

<p>ACE Angiotensin-converting enyme</p>

61
Q

<p>What does the pineal gland produce?</p>

A

<p>Melatonin</p>

62
Q

<p>What hormone raises blood calcium levels?</p>

A

<p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH)</p>

63
Q

<p>Whee is the parathyroid hormone found?</p>

A

<p>Parathyroid glands </p>

64
Q

<p>Where are the adrenal glands found?</p>

A

<p>Atop the kidneys</p>

65
Q

<p>What are the two main sections of the adrenal glands?</p>

A

<p>Adrenal medulla and cortex</p>

66
Q

<p>What doe sthe adrenal medulla release?</p>

A

<p>Adrenaline and noradrenaline</p>

67
Q

<p>What does the adrenal cortex release?</p>

A

<p>Glucocorticoids</p>

68
Q

<p>What do glucocorticoids do?</p>

A

<p>Raise blood glucose levels</p>

69
Q

Where is heart rate measured?

A

Sinoatrial nerve

70
Q

What are the valves inbetween the atrium and heart?

A

Artioventricular valve

71
Q

What is the valve between the ventricles and aorta/pulmonary artery?

A

Semilunar valve

72
Q

What is the largest vein in the body that connects to the heart?

A

Posterior vena cava

73
Q

What is the cardiac cycle?

A

Atrial and ventricular diastole
Atrial systole; ventricular diastole
Ventricular systole; artial diastole

74
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction/pumping

75
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation/filling

76
Q

What is insect fluid?

A

Hemolymph

77
Q

What is the arteriole end of the capillary called?

A

Meta-arteriole end

78
Q

What is the venous end of the capillary called?

A

Thoroughfore channel

79
Q

What are the clamps in the capillary beds called?

A

Pre capillary sphincters

80
Q

Between the laminar and turbulent flow, which can be heard with a stethoscope?

A

Turbulent flow

81
Q

In the blood clotting process which of the follow is true?

a) Thrombin acts on fibrin to make fibrinogen
b) Prothrombin is the active form of thrombin
c) In the mechanism collagen fibres are formed after the platelet plug
d) Immediately after the endothelium damage platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky

A

D

82
Q

Percentage of oxygen released to tissues during rest?

A

25%

83
Q

Percentage of oxygen released to tissues during rest?

A

Mostly all of it

84
Q

Why is the foetus haemoglobin curve to the left of the mother?

A

At rest, the foetus always gets enough oxygen, even if the mother starts to exercise etc They do this by having different haemoglobin to the mother

85
Q

Where does lymph fluid re-enter? why?

A

Re-enters at the very end of the venous circulation (near heart), because the pressure is muuuuuch lower

BIOM1050 (7 decks)

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