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BIOM1050 > Module 2 - Nerves > Flashcards

Module 2 - Nerves Flashcards

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1
Q

Three states of information processing in the nervous systems?

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. integration
  3. motor output
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2
Q

Two types of signalling?

A

Local vs Distance

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3
Q

Two types of local signalling?

A

Paracrine and Synaptic signalling

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4
Q

Three stages of cell signalling?

A

Reception, Transduction, Response

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5
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A signalling cell acts on nearby target cells by secreting molecules of a local regulator (a growth factor, for example)

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6
Q

What is Synaptic signalling?

A

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell, such as a muscle or another nerve cell

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7
Q

What is a form of long distance signalling?

A

Endocrine (hormonal) signalling

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8
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

Specialised endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach most body cells, but are bound by and affect only some cells.

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9
Q

Two main types of receptors?

A

Plasma membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

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10
Q

What is an intracellular receptor?

A

A steroid receptor

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11
Q

Three types of plasma membrane receptors?

A

Ion channel linked receptors:-Na+channel opened by ligand

G protein-coupled receptors: 7 TM-spanning regions- all aspects of physiology and pharmacology

Tyrosine kinase linked receptors:

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12
Q

Example of ion channel linked receptors

A

nicotinic receptors, glutamate receptors

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13
Q

Where would G protein-coupled receptors be found?

A

all aspects of physiology and pharmacology

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14
Q

Example of Tyrosine kinase linked receptors?

A

metabolism, cell growth, cell reproduction

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15
Q

What energy is used in G-protein receptors?

A

ATP (adenlyl) and GTP (g protein)

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16
Q

Four main proteins in a G-protein receptor?

A

G protein-couple receptor (GPCR)

G protein

Adenlyl cyclase

Protein kinase A

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17
Q

What can activate a G-protein couple receptor?

A

light, ions (eg. Ca2+), odourants, gustative molecules,neurotransmitters, hormones, peptides, proteins.

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18
Q

What do GPCRs interact with? For what cause?

A

Heterotrimeric G proteins to control the activity of enzymes, ion channels, and instracellular signal trasnduction pathways

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19
Q

What enzymes mediate transfer of phosphates in Tyrosine kinase linked receptors?

A

Kinases

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20
Q

What is a phosphate?

A

PO4-

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21
Q

What occurs during Tyrosine kinase linked receptors?

A

Phosphorylation cases are mediated by Kinase - these enzymes transfer phosphate and activate or inactive target proteins

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22
Q

Three structural vetebrate neurons?

A
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23
Q

What are cells that support nerve cells?

A

Glia cells

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24
Q

Two types of glia cells?

A

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocyes & Schwann Cells

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25
How many more glia cells than neurons in mammalian brain?
10-50 times
26
Where are astrocytes found?
The CNS
27
What do astrocytes do? (3)
Structural support Regulate extracellular concentration of ions and neurotransmitters Formation of blood-brain barrier
28
Where are Oligodendrocyes found?
CNS
29
Where are Schwann cells found?
PNS
30
What do Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells do? (2)
Form myelin sheaths around axons Lipid membranes: insulator
31
What concentration of Na+ and K+ does ATPase pump?
3 NA+ out of the cell 2 K+ into the cell
32
What are the numbers of Na+ and K+ in the resting membrane potential? What about calcium?
33
IS the membrane potential voltage gated?
Nah, that's for action potentials
34
What is the membrane potential?
Voltage of inside of membrane relative to outside - equilibrium
35
What is depolarisation?
Inside of membrane becomes more positive
36
What channels open during depolarisation?
Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels, letting Na+ in
37
When does the all or nothing response of an action potential occur?
Round 50mV
38
How fast is an action potential all or ntohing response?
1-2 ms
39
How fast are each voltage-gated channel? How many steps in each channel?
40
What is a stimulus, resting state, undershoot and repolarisation?
41
Four stages of an action potential?
Resting state, stimulus, repolarisation and undershoot
42
What happens to Na+ channels during repolarisation?
They become inactivated
43
What happens to K+ channels during repolarisation?
They open
44
What are the two refractory periods?
Absolute RP and Relative RP
45
What happens during absolute repolarisation?
No action potential can be activated, and the Na+ channels open then are inactivated
46
What happens during rekative repolarisation?
Action potential only happens if you apply a large stimulus, because some Na\_ channels are closed again
47
Two stages of refractory period in order?
48
How many directions can the action potential travel?
1
49
How do anaesthetics work?
They prevent action potentials by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels between the inactivated and closed stages
50
At what stage in the action potential do anaesthetics work?
51
Factors affecting action potential
Axon diameter Temperature Degree of myelination
52
How does axon diameter effect action potential?
The larger the diameter, the less resistance and faster conduction speed
53
How does temperature affect the action potential?
Any chemical reaction occurs faster at warmer temperatures
54
How does the degree of myelination affect the action potential?
Myelin insulates the axon membrane in vertebrates - faster conduction speed
55
What is the depolarised region between each myelin sheath called?
Node of Ranvier
56
What is the conduction process in myelinated sheathed nerves called?
Saltatory conduction (refers to the hop)
57
where does generation of action potential occur?
At the hillock
58
What releases the neurotransmitters at the synapse?
Presynaptic neuron
59
Via what process is neurotransmitter released from neurons?
Via exocytosis,
60
What does EPSP and IPSP stand for?
Excitatory postsynaptic potential and inhibitory postsynaptic potential
61
When does EPSP occur?
If depolarisation at postsynaptic membrane occurs
62
When does IPSP occur?
If hyperpolarisation at posysynaptic membrane occurs
63
What happens to most potentials before they reach an axon hillock?
They decline
64
What is temporal summation?
Several EPSPs from the same synapse just after one another
65
What is spatial summation?
Two or more EPSPs from different synapses l,
66
What does the subthreshold (no summation) of action potential look like?
67
What does a temporal summation of EPSPs look like?
68
What does a spatial summation of EPSPs look like?
69
What does a spatial summation of EPSP + IPSP look like?
70
Characteritstics of action potential? (5)
Depolarisation "All or nothing" Excutatory postsynaptic potentials can add up and cause an action potential Generated at the axon hillock Travels along the axon
71
What is a direct synaptic transmission?
Neurotransmitter opens ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane Action via **ligand**-gated ion channels
72
What is an indirect synaptic transmission?
Neurotrasmitter binds to a receptor on the post synaptic membrane Activates a signal transduction pathway Involves a second messenger
73
What type of receptors are neurotransmitters? What is direct and what is indirect?
Ion channel linked receptors (direct) G-protein-coupled receptors (indirect)
74
What does a direct synaptic transmission look like at a chemical synapse?
75
What does a neurotrasmitter, when opening ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane, lead to?
A postsynaptic potential - graded0
76
What are three amino acid neurotransmitters?
Glutamate Glycine GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid)
77
What are amine neurotransmitters?
Acetylcholine Biogenic amines
78
What are Biogenic Amine Neurotrasmitters?
Nonadrenaline, dopamine and seratonin
79
What does indirect synaptic transmittion look like at the chemical synapse?
80
At an indirect synaptic transmission, what does the G-protein activate?
A signal transduction pathway
81
How are chemicals in the synaptic cleft recycled? What breaks them down? What takes them up?
Broken down by enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase Recycled by selective uptake by transporters (NET, SERT) Taken up by **astrocytes**
82
How many cranial nerves in the PNS in mammals?
12 pairs
83
How many spinal nerves in the PNS in mammals?
31 pairs
84
Two types of nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system?
Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
85
Three types of autonomic nervous systems?
Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions
86
During what nervous system does glycogen to glucose occur?
The sympathetic division
87
What main neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division release?
Acertylcholine
88
Four main sections of the human cerebtral cortex (four lobes)?
89
What regions of the brain control the brain and spinal cord?
90
What fluid protects the CNS in the spinal cord?
Cerebrospinal fluid
91
What condition occurs with blocked flow of cerebrospinal fluid?
Gydrocephalus
92
Main tree types of matter in the brain?
Grey and whie matter + ventricles
93
What is gray matter?
Dendrites, unmyelinated axons and cell bodies
94
What is white matter?
Myelinated axons in tracts
95
What are the three parts of the brain stem?
Pons, midbrain and medulla oblongata
96
What does the reticular formation do?
Selectivity filter that determines arousal and sleep
97
What does the cerebellum do?
Motor function, cognitive and perceptual functions and coordination
98
Three main parts of the diencephalon?
Epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus
99
What does the pineal gland produce?
Sleep
100
Where is the pineal gland?
In the epithalamus
101
What does the epithalamus do?
Connects limbic system ("emotional center") to the rest of the brain
102
What does the thalamus do?
Receives input from **sensory** neurones and outputs via **motor** neurons
103
What does the hypothalamus do?
Homeostatic regulation (hormones) Biological block Temperature regulation Survival (hunger, thirst)
104
What weight of brain does neocortex take?
80%
105
What are the main components of the cerebrum?
Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum and basal nuclei
106
What is the basal nuclei important for?
Movement
107
What does the corpus callosum do?
Communicates between left and right sides of the body
108
What is the area responsible for generating speech?
Broca's area
109
What is the area of the brain used for deciphering speech?
Wernicke's area
110
Where are language and speech activated in the brain?
111
Where does short term memory occur?
Hippocampus
112
Where is long term memory stored? How is it reactivated?
Cerebral cortex - sent to hypothalamus to "re-remember" short term
113
What is the long term potential in vertebrates dictated by?
High frequency transmission of **glutamate**
114
What is a conjugate base?
A conjugate base is what is left over after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction

BIOM1050 (7 decks)

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