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BIOM1050 > Module 2 - Nerves > Flashcards

Module 2 - Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Three states of information processing in the nervous systems?

A
  1. Sensory input
  2. integration
  3. motor output
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2
Q

Two types of signalling?

A

Local vs Distance

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3
Q

Two types of local signalling?

A

Paracrine and Synaptic signalling

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4
Q

Three stages of cell signalling?

A

Reception, Transduction, Response

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5
Q

What is paracrine signalling?

A

A signalling cell acts on nearby target cells by secreting molecules of a local regulator (a growth factor, for example)

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6
Q

What is Synaptic signalling?

A

A nerve cell releases neurotransmitter molecules into a synapse, stimulating the target cell, such as a muscle or another nerve cell

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7
Q

What is a form of long distance signalling?

A

Endocrine (hormonal) signalling

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8
Q

What is endocrine signalling?

A

Specialised endocrine cells secrete hormones into body fluids, often blood. Hormones reach most body cells, but are bound by and affect only some cells.

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9
Q

Two main types of receptors?

A

Plasma membrane receptors and intracellular receptors

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10
Q

What is an intracellular receptor?

A

A steroid receptor

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11
Q

Three types of plasma membrane receptors?

A

Ion channel linked receptors:-Na+channel opened by ligand

G protein-coupled receptors: 7 TM-spanning regions- all aspects of physiology and pharmacology

Tyrosine kinase linked receptors:

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12
Q

Example of ion channel linked receptors

A

nicotinic receptors, glutamate receptors

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13
Q

Where would G protein-coupled receptors be found?

A

all aspects of physiology and pharmacology

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14
Q

Example of Tyrosine kinase linked receptors?

A

metabolism, cell growth, cell reproduction

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15
Q

What energy is used in G-protein receptors?

A

ATP (adenlyl) and GTP (g protein)

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16
Q

Four main proteins in a G-protein receptor?

A

G protein-couple receptor (GPCR)

G protein

Adenlyl cyclase

Protein kinase A

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17
Q

What can activate a G-protein couple receptor?

A

light, ions (eg. Ca2+), odourants, gustative molecules,neurotransmitters, hormones, peptides, proteins.

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18
Q

What do GPCRs interact with? For what cause?

A

Heterotrimeric G proteins to control the activity of enzymes, ion channels, and instracellular signal trasnduction pathways

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19
Q

What enzymes mediate transfer of phosphates in Tyrosine kinase linked receptors?

A

Kinases

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20
Q

What is a phosphate?

A

PO4-

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21
Q

What occurs during Tyrosine kinase linked receptors?

A

Phosphorylation cases are mediated by Kinase - these enzymes transfer phosphate and activate or inactive target proteins

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22
Q

Three structural vetebrate neurons?

A
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23
Q

What are cells that support nerve cells?

A

Glia cells

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24
Q

Two types of glia cells?

A

Astrocytes and Oligodendrocyes & Schwann Cells

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25
Q

How many more glia cells than neurons in mammalian brain?

A

10-50 times

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26
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

The CNS

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27
Q

What do astrocytes do? (3)

A

Structural support

Regulate extracellular concentration of ions and neurotransmitters

Formation of blood-brain barrier

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28
Q

Where are Oligodendrocyes found?

A

CNS

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29
Q

Where are Schwann cells found?

A

PNS

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30
Q

What do Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells do? (2)

A

Form myelin sheaths around axons

Lipid membranes: insulator

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31
Q

What concentration of Na+ and K+ does ATPase pump?

A

3 NA+ out of the cell

2 K+ into the cell

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32
Q

What are the numbers of Na+ and K+ in the resting membrane potential? What about calcium?

A
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33
Q

IS the membrane potential voltage gated?

A

Nah, that’s for action potentials

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34
Q

What is the membrane potential?

A

Voltage of inside of membrane relative to outside - equilibrium

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35
Q

What is depolarisation?

A

Inside of membrane becomes more positive

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36
Q

What channels open during depolarisation?

A

Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels, letting Na+ in

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37
Q

When does the all or nothing response of an action potential occur?

A

Round 50mV

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38
Q

How fast is an action potential all or ntohing response?

A

1-2 ms

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39
Q

How fast are each voltage-gated channel? How many steps in each channel?

A
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40
Q

What is a stimulus, resting state, undershoot and repolarisation?

A
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41
Q

Four stages of an action potential?

A

Resting state, stimulus, repolarisation and undershoot

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42
Q

What happens to Na+ channels during repolarisation?

A

They become inactivated

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43
Q

What happens to K+ channels during repolarisation?

A

They open

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44
Q

What are the two refractory periods?

A

Absolute RP and Relative RP

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45
Q

What happens during absolute repolarisation?

A

No action potential can be activated, and the Na+ channels open then are inactivated

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46
Q

What happens during rekative repolarisation?

A

Action potential only happens if you apply a large stimulus, because some Na_ channels are closed again

47
Q

Two stages of refractory period in order?

A
48
Q

How many directions can the action potential travel?

A

1

49
Q

How do anaesthetics work?

A

They prevent action potentials by blocking voltage-gated Na+ channels between the inactivated and closed stages

50
Q

At what stage in the action potential do anaesthetics work?

A
51
Q

Factors affecting action potential

A

Axon diameter

Temperature

Degree of myelination

52
Q

How does axon diameter effect action potential?

A

The larger the diameter, the less resistance and faster conduction speed

53
Q

How does temperature affect the action potential?

A

Any chemical reaction occurs faster at warmer temperatures

54
Q

How does the degree of myelination affect the action potential?

A

Myelin insulates the axon membrane in vertebrates - faster conduction speed

55
Q

What is the depolarised region between each myelin sheath called?

A

Node of Ranvier

56
Q

What is the conduction process in myelinated sheathed nerves called?

A

Saltatory conduction (refers to the hop)

57
Q

where does generation of action potential occur?

A

At the hillock

58
Q

What releases the neurotransmitters at the synapse?

A

Presynaptic neuron

59
Q

Via what process is neurotransmitter released from neurons?

A

Via exocytosis,

60
Q

What does EPSP and IPSP stand for?

A

Excitatory postsynaptic potential and inhibitory postsynaptic potential

61
Q

When does EPSP occur?

A

If depolarisation at postsynaptic membrane occurs

62
Q

When does IPSP occur?

A

If hyperpolarisation at posysynaptic membrane occurs

63
Q

What happens to most potentials before they reach an axon hillock?

A

They decline

64
Q

What is temporal summation?

A

Several EPSPs from the same synapse just after one another

65
Q

What is spatial summation?

A

Two or more EPSPs from different synapses

l,

66
Q

What does the subthreshold (no summation) of action potential look like?

A
67
Q

What does a temporal summation of EPSPs look like?

A
68
Q

What does a spatial summation of EPSPs look like?

A
69
Q

What does a spatial summation of EPSP + IPSP look like?

A
70
Q

Characteritstics of action potential? (5)

A

Depolarisation

“All or nothing”

Excutatory postsynaptic potentials can add up and cause an action potential

Generated at the axon hillock

Travels along the axon

71
Q

What is a direct synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotransmitter opens ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane

Action via ligand-gated ion channels

72
Q

What is an indirect synaptic transmission?

A

Neurotrasmitter binds to a receptor on the post synaptic membrane

Activates a signal transduction pathway

Involves a second messenger

73
Q

What type of receptors are neurotransmitters? What is direct and what is indirect?

A

Ion channel linked receptors (direct)

G-protein-coupled receptors (indirect)

74
Q

What does a direct synaptic transmission look like at a chemical synapse?

A
75
Q

What does a neurotrasmitter, when opening ion channels on the postsynaptic membrane, lead to?

A

A postsynaptic potential - graded0

76
Q

What are three amino acid neurotransmitters?

A

Glutamate

Glycine

GABA (gamma-aminobutryic acid)

77
Q

What are amine neurotransmitters?

A

Acetylcholine

Biogenic amines

78
Q

What are Biogenic Amine Neurotrasmitters?

A

Nonadrenaline, dopamine and seratonin

79
Q

What does indirect synaptic transmittion look like at the chemical synapse?

A
80
Q

At an indirect synaptic transmission, what does the G-protein activate?

A

A signal transduction pathway

81
Q

How are chemicals in the synaptic cleft recycled? What breaks them down? What takes them up?

A

Broken down by enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase

Recycled by selective uptake by transporters (NET, SERT)

Taken up by astrocytes

82
Q

How many cranial nerves in the PNS in mammals?

A

12 pairs

83
Q

How many spinal nerves in the PNS in mammals?

A

31 pairs

84
Q

Two types of nervous systems in the peripheral nervous system?

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

85
Q

Three types of autonomic nervous systems?

A

Sympathetic, parasympathetic and enteric divisions

86
Q

During what nervous system does glycogen to glucose occur?

A

The sympathetic division

87
Q

What main neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic division release?

A

Acertylcholine

88
Q

Four main sections of the human cerebtral cortex (four lobes)?

A
89
Q

What regions of the brain control the brain and spinal cord?

A
90
Q

What fluid protects the CNS in the spinal cord?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

91
Q

What condition occurs with blocked flow of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Gydrocephalus

92
Q

Main tree types of matter in the brain?

A

Grey and whie matter + ventricles

93
Q

What is gray matter?

A

Dendrites, unmyelinated axons and cell bodies

94
Q

What is white matter?

A

Myelinated axons in tracts

95
Q

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

A

Pons, midbrain and medulla oblongata

96
Q

What does the reticular formation do?

A

Selectivity filter that determines arousal and sleep

97
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

Motor function, cognitive and perceptual functions and coordination

98
Q

Three main parts of the diencephalon?

A

Epithalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

99
Q

What does the pineal gland produce?

A

Sleep

100
Q

Where is the pineal gland?

A

In the epithalamus

101
Q

What does the epithalamus do?

A

Connects limbic system (“emotional center”) to the rest of the brain

102
Q

What does the thalamus do?

A

Receives input from sensory neurones and outputs via motor neurons

103
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

Homeostatic regulation (hormones)

Biological block

Temperature regulation

Survival (hunger, thirst)

104
Q

What weight of brain does neocortex take?

A

80%

105
Q

What are the main components of the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex, corpus callosum and basal nuclei

106
Q

What is the basal nuclei important for?

A

Movement

107
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

Communicates between left and right sides of the body

108
Q

What is the area responsible for generating speech?

A

Broca’s area

109
Q

What is the area of the brain used for deciphering speech?

A

Wernicke’s area

110
Q

Where are language and speech activated in the brain?

A
111
Q

Where does short term memory occur?

A

Hippocampus

112
Q

Where is long term memory stored? How is it reactivated?

A

Cerebral cortex - sent to hypothalamus to “re-remember” short term

113
Q

What is the long term potential in vertebrates dictated by?

A

High frequency transmission of glutamate

114
Q

What is a conjugate base?

A

A conjugate base is what is left over after an acid has donated a proton during a chemical reaction

BIOM1050 (7 decks)

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