Module 5 - Bones pt. 2

Question 1

What are the 2 divisions of the skeleton?

Answer 1

axial skeleton (80 bones) 
appendicular skeleton (126 bones)

Question 2

what bones do the axial skeleton contain?

Answer 2

• skull
• hyoid
• auditory ossicles
• vertebral column
• thorax (sternum, ribs)

Question 3

what bones do the appendicular skeleton contain? What is its function?

Answer 3

• pectoral girdle
• pelvic girdle
• upper limbs
• lower limbs

Functions:

1. movement
2. manipulation of objects

Question 4

What are the functions of the axial skeleton?

Answer 4

Functions:

1. supports and protects organs in the body cavities
2. attaches muscles of;
   - head, neck and trunk
   - breathing (diaphragm)
   - appendicular skeleton

Question 5

The skull can be divided into 2 parts

Answer 5

1. cranial bones - bones that protect the brain
2. facial bones - bones that form the face, bones that separate and protect the entrances to the respiratory system (nasal cavity) and digestive system (oral cavity)

Question 6

The skull has how many cranial bones and how many facial bones? What are they?

Answer 6

8 cranial bones: 
*frontal 
*parietal (2)
*occipital 
*temporal (2)
sphenoid
ethmoid 

14 facial bones 
*maxilla (2)
*mandible 
*zygomatic (2)
*nasal (2)
palatine (2) 
lacrimal (2) 
nasal concha (2)
vomer

Question 7

what connects the cranial and spinal cavities?

Answer 7

foramen magnum by the occipital bone

Question 8

What are sutures?

Answer 8

immovable joint found between skull bones 
there are 4 prominent sutures that unite
1. the frontal bone and 2 parietal bones
2. the two parietal bones
3. the parietal and occipital bones
4. the temporal and parietal bones

Question 9

what are paranasal sinuses? what is their function? what are they comprised of?

Answer 9

air filled chambers within certain skull bones
connected to the nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses include:
1. frontal
2. maxillary
3. sphenoidal
4. ethmoidal
the functions:
1. lighten skull bones
2. lined with mucuous membranes (flushes nasal cavities)
3. act as resonating chambers to produce unique speaking and singing voices

Question 10

what are fontanels? what are their functions?

Answer 10

membrane filled spaces found between cranial bones at birth (soft spots)
-eventually replaced by bone –> become sutures
Functions:
1. allows the skull to compress during passage through the birth canal
2. permits rapid growth of the brain in infancy

Question 11

What does the vertebral column consist of?

Answer 11

consists of 26 bones

• 24 vertebrae
• the sacrum
• the coccyx

the vertebral column:

1. protects the spinal cord
2. supports the head and body

Question 12

what are the 5 regions of the vertebral column?

Answer 12

cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal

Question 13

what are the parts of a vertebra?

Answer 13

vertebral body: bears weight
processes: projections for articulation or muscle attachment
vertebral foramen: the opening that contains the spinal cord

Question 14

what are vertebral processes?

Answer 14

transverse processes: the articulation with ribs inthe thoracic region

spinous process: muscles and ligaments attach to stabilize the spine

superior/inferior articular processes: articulating surfaces between vertebra

Question 15

what are the atlas and the axis?

Answer 15

c1 (atlas)

• lacks a vertebral body and spinous process
• articulates with the occipital bone

c2(axis)
- the dens projects through the foramen of the C1 to allow side to side movements of the head

Question 16

What are the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 16

ribs attach posteriorly to thoracic vertebrae

large spinous process for muscle attachment

Question 17

What are the lumbar vertebra

Answer 17

lower back

large vertebral body for weight bearing

Question 18

what is the sacrum?

Answer 18

formed by fusion of 5 vertebra (fusion starts at age 16-18)
Functions:
1. protects reproductive, urinary and digestive organs
2. attaches the axial skeleton to the pelvic girlde
3. attaches broad muscles that move the thigh

Question 19

What is the thorax?

Answer 19

the chest skeleton 
consists of: 
thoracic vertabrae
ribs
sternum (breastbone)
functions: 
1. supports the thoracic cavity 
2. protects the organs contained (heart, lungs, thymus) 
3. attaches muscles (diaphragm muscle used in breathing)

Question 20

what are the ribs?

Answer 20

12 pairs of ribs
each rib articulates posteriorly with a thoracic vertebra (vertebral body and transverse processes)

True ribs: the first 7 ribs articulate anteriorly with the sternum (via costal cartilages)

false ribs: attach to the sternum indirectly or not at all
-ribs 8 to 10 join the 7th rib
ribs 11 and 12 are floating ribs

Question 21

the appendicular skeleton includes: and the functions are:

Answer 21

includes all bones besides axial skeleton

• pectoral girdle
• pelvic girlde
• upper limbs
• lower limbs

Functions:

1. movement
2. manipulation of objects

Question 22

What is the perctoral girdle and what is it composed of?

Answer 22

attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

consists of 2 pairs of bones

1. the clavicles (articulates upper portion of the sternum and scapula)
2. the scapulae (articulates with the humerus)

Question 23

What do the upper limbs consist of?

Answer 23

upper arm (humerus)
forearm (radius and ulna) 
wrist (5 carpals)
hand (5 metacarpals)
fingers (phalanges)

Question 24

what is the pelvic girdle consisted of?

Answer 24

consist of two hip bones (coxal bones)
the coxal bones are joined anteriorly by the pubic symphysis and posteriorly to the sacrum

it is strong to support the vertebral column (body weight) and stress of movement

protects the organs within the pelvis

Question 25

The lower limbs consist of:

Answer 25

``` thigh (femur) lower leg (tibia and fibula) kneecap (patella) ankle (7 tarsals - calcaneous, talus) calcaneous is the heel and the talus forms ankle joint foot (5 metatarsals) toes (phalanges) ```

Question 26

What is the hyoid bone?

Answer 26

it is a U shaped bone in neck that supports tongue