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BIOL 1105 > Module 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Module 3 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A

A group of similar cells that function together to carry out specialized activities

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3
Q

Four basic types of tissue:

A

Epithelial

Connective

Muscular

Nervous

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4
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

-covers body surfaces, lines body cavities, hollow organs and ducts and forms glands

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5
Q

2 types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelium - forms sheets and lines internal or external services
  2. Glandular epithelium - forms the secreting portion of glands

What are examples of each?

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6
Q

General features of epithelial tissue

A
  • composed of a sheet of closely packed cells
  • very little extracellular matrix between cells
  • avascular (no blood vessels)
  • contain a nerve supply
  • high capacity for renewal by cell division
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7
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

A
  • material between cells in a tissue
  • comprises mainly of water, ions and proteins

-composition varies between different tissues
I.e bone tissue ECM contains calcium
I. e tendon ECM contains collagen

-amount varies between tissues
I.e connective tissue has a large amount of ECM
I.e epithelial tissue has very little

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8
Q

Cells of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Apical surface (top)
    - free surface
  2. Lateral surface
    - faces adjacent cells on either side
  3. Basal surface (bottom)
    - in contact with basement membrane
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9
Q

Basement membrane

A

Epithelial cells sit on a basement membrane

A thin membrane between epithelial and connective tissue layers

Composed mostly of protein fibres

Bind and supports the epithelium

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10
Q

Specialized apical structures

A

Microvilli
-increase surface area for absorption or secretion

  • microvilli of the intestinal epithelium

Cilia

  • move materials along the epithelial surface
  • ciliated epithelium of the airways and Fallopian tube
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11
Q

Specialized cell junctions

A
  1. Tight junctions
    - prevents the passage of substances between cells
  2. Gap junctions
    - form channels that allow ions and molecules to pass from cell to cell
  3. Desmosomes
    - attach adjacent cells
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12
Q

General functions of epithelial tissues

A
  1. Transport of substances
    I.e epithelium of capillaries allows substances to move from the blood to tissue cells
  2. Protection
    I.e epithelium of the skin
  3. Secretion
    I.e epithelium glands produce and release substances
  4. Absorption
    I.e epithelium of the intestines absorb fluids and digested food
  5. Sensory reception
    I.e olfactory epithelium of the nose
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13
Q

Classification of epithelial tissue

A

Classified by number of layers

  1. Simple (single layered)
  2. Stratified (multi-layered)
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14
Q

Classification by cell shape

A
  1. Squamous (flat)
  2. Cuboidal (as tall as they were wide)
  3. Columnar (taller than they are wide)
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15
Q

Simple squamous epithelium

A

Single layer of flat cells
Nuclei are flattened
Eg. the epithelium of lung alveoli —> allows for diffusion of gazes O2 and CO2 between the lungs and blood
Eg. the epithelium of capillaries (endothelium) —> allows for the diffusion of gases, nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells

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16
Q

Simple cuboidal epithelium

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells
Nuclei are centrally located
Ex. The epithelium lining pancreatic ducts —> functions in secretion (water and bicarbonate)

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17
Q

Simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of rectangular shaped cells

Nuclei are located near the base (basal surface) of the cell

Classified as:

  1. Non-ciliated
  2. Ciliated
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18
Q

Non ciliated columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of columnar cells

May contain microvilli and goblet cells (modified columnar cells that produce mucus)

Ex. The epithelium lining the intestines function in absorption (nutrients)

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19
Q

Ciliated simple columnar epithelium

A

Single layer of ciliated columnar cells
Apical surface of cells contain cilia

Ex. The uterine (fallopian) tube functions to transport the ovulated egg

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20
Q

Pseudostratified columnar

A

A single layer of cells that appears stratified because nuclei are located at different heights

All cells are attached to the basement membrane, but not all reach the surface

Ex. Trachea functions to transport mucus

21
Q

Stratified squamous epithelium

A

More than one cell layer thick

The apical surface is squamous

Ex. Epidermis of skin functions in protection

22
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Stratified epithelium

The apical layer changes its shape depending on the state of the organ (stretched or unstretched)

Ex. Urinary bladder allows for bladder expansion and prevents rupture

23
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Formed by epithelial cells specialized for secretion

Two types of glands

  1. Exocrine
  2. Endocrine
24
Q

Exocrine glands

A

Secrete their products into ducts (tubes)

Products are then released onto the skin or epithelial surfaces

25
Endocrine glands
Secretes hormones into interstitial fluid Hormones then diffuse into the blood (no ducts) for transport Ex. Thyroid gland, ovaries, pituitary gland, adrenal gland
26
Connective tissue
One of the most abundant tissues in the body Classified as: 1. Connective tissue proper 2. Supportive connective tissue - cartilage - bone 3. Fluid connective tissue - blood - lymph
27
Connective tissue functions
General functions include 1. Binding, strengthening, and support of body tissues (CT proper) 2. Protection and insulation of internal organs (adipose tissue) 3. Storage of energy reserves (adipose tissue) 4. Provide structure and movement (bone) 5. Transport (blood and lymph)
28
How is connective tissue different from epithelial tissue?
Consists of varying amounts of extracellular matrix (>epithelial tissue) Contains a variety of cell types Does not occur on free surfaces Contains a nerve supply (except for cartilage) Highly vascular (except for cartilage)
29
Extracellular matrix of connective tissue
ECM is composed of Protein fibres - collagen - elastic - reticular Ground substance - water - ions - nutrients - large organic molecules
30
Connective tissue protein fibre types
1. Collagen Most abundant protein in body Very strong and resistant to pulling Ex. Abundant in tendons and ligaments 2. Elastic fibers Smaller than collagen Comprised of the protein elastin Provides strength and elasticity (Can be stretched but returns to original length after stretching) Ex. Elastic fibers of airway walls and skin 3. Reticular fibers Delicate network of thin interwoven fibers Resists force in many directions Form the stroma (supporting framework) for many soft organs I.e the highly organized liver stroma
31
Connective tissue proper
Main cell types found in CT proper include: - fibroblasts (most numerous, synthesizes protein fibres) - macrophages (engulf debris and bacteria) - plasma cells (produce antibodies as a part of the immune response) - mast cells (produce histamine which causes inflammation) - adipocytes (storage of fat)
32
Classification of CT proper
1. Loose 2. Dense Density is determined by the concentration of protein fibres relative to ground substance Loose: More ground substance, fewer fibres Serves as general packing material (fat aka adipose tissue) Dense: More fibers, less ground substance Provides strength (tendons)
33
Loose connective tissue proper
Forms the packing material of the body 3 types of loose connective tissue proper - loose areolar connective tissue - adipose tissue - reticular connective tissue
34
Loose areolar connective tissue proper
Widely distributed in the body Contains all fibre types loosely arranged Contains all cell types Ground substance is viscous (semi fluid) Location: underlies most epithelial tissue Forms around blood vessels nerves and body organs Functions: provides strength support and elasticity Ex. Upper dermis and subcutaneous layer of the skin supports and binds skin layers
35
Adipose tissue
Packed with many adipocytes Found in subcutaneous layer, around the heart and kidneys and in bone marrow Functions in heat loss reduction, protection, cushioning and storage of energy in the form of fat Ex. Adipose tissue covering the heart, functions to protect the heart and store energy
36
Loose reticular connective tissue proper
A network of interwoven reticular fibers Found in soft tissues such as liver, spleen, lymph nodes and bone marrow Ex. Loose reticular CT proper in lymph nodes Functions to filter lymph and provide support
37
Dense connective tissue proper
Tightly packed with high numbers of collagen or elastin fibres Three types of dense connective tissue proper: 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic
38
Dense REGULAR connective tissue proper
Bundles of collagen fibres are arranged in parallel for strength Sparse ground substance Fibroblasts are flattened between fibres Able to withstand tensile (pulling) stress in one direction Ex. Forms tendons (attach muscle to bone) and ligaments (attach bone to bone) functions in stabilization of joints
39
Dense IRREGULAR connective tissue proper
Closely packed but irregularly arranged collagen fibres Found where forces occur in many directions Deep in the skin dermis layer Joint capsule Pericardium and heart valves Membrane capsule surrounding liver and kidneys
40
Dense elastic connective tissue proper
Composed of many elastic fibres Allows stretching and recoil back to the original shape I.e aorta (when the heart relaxes the elastic tissue recoils and helps propel blood along)
41
Supportive connective tissues
Support soft tissues and body weight 1. Cartilage Gelatinous ground substance 2. Bone Calcified (made rigid by calcium and phosphate)
42
General features of cartilage
Consists of a dense network of collagen and elastic fibers Gelatinous ground substance Mature cells of cartilage are called chondrocytes Avascular (heals poorly) No nerve supply (no pain sensation)
43
Cartilage classifications
Three types of cartilage Hyaline Fibrocartilage Elastic Each differs in the amount and kinds of fibres and ground substance
44
Hyaline cartilage
Most abundant but weakest type of cartilage Appears bluish white and shiny Found on the ends of long bones, costal cartilages (ribs) trachea and nose Allows smooth movement of joints (reduces friction), absorbs shock, provides flexibility and support
45
Fibrocartilage
The strongest type of cartilage Found between vertebrae and between pelvic bones (public symphisis) Absorbs compression; limits movement
46
Elastic cartilage
Contains elastic fibres Supportive but bends easily Found supporting the external ear and epiglottis
47
General features of bone tissue
The hardest body tissue Contains 3 cell types Osteoblasts (form bones) Osteoclasts (break down bone) Osteocytes (mature cells) ECM contains: Ground substance (intercellular fluid) Collagen fibres (tensile strength, flexibility) Calcium and phosphate (provide rigidity)
48
Functions of bone tissue
Support and protection of soft tissues Storage of calcium and phosphate (mineral salts) Bone marrow storage (blood cell production) Movement (along with muscle)
49
Fluid connective tissue
1. Blood The ECM is the plasma (liquid matrix containing water, ions, nutrients, enzymes and hormones) Contains numerous cell types including white blood cells red blood cells lymphocytes and platelets Functions in transport (nutrients, O2, hormones, etc) 2. Lymph the ECM is formed by excess fluid picked up in tissues Transports material through lymphatic vessels

BIOL 1105 (13 decks)

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