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BIOL 1105 > Module 4 - Skin & Integumentary System > Flashcards

Module 4 - Skin & Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

Define a membrane

A

A flat sheet of tissue that covers or lines part of the body

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2
Q

What 2 layers does a membrane consist of?

A

An epithelial later

And

A connective tissue layer

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3
Q

What are the 4 types of membranes?

A

Mucous

Serous

Cutaneous

Synovial

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4
Q

What is the function of a mucus membrane?

A

Mucous membranes line surfaces that open to the outside

I.e the lining of the digestive, respiratory, reproductive and urinary tracts

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5
Q

What is the purpose of the mucous membrane and how does it work?

A

Cells of the epithelial layer secrete mucous and fluids to:

  • Prevent the surface from drying out
  • Lubricate (reduce friction)
  • Facilitate absorption and secretion

The connective tissue layer

  • composed of areolar connective tissue
  • binds the epithelium to underlying structures
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6
Q

What are serous membranes? What are the 2 parts?

A

•line body cavities that do not open to the outside and cover organs that lie within the cavity

Two parts:

  1. parietal layer(covers the body cavity)
  2. visceral layer(covers the organs)
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7
Q

What are serous membranes composed of?

A

The epithelial layer:
–composed of simple squamous epithelium
–secretes serous fluid (reduces friction during organ movement)

The connective tissue layer:
–formed by areolar connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the 3 different types of serous membranes?

A

Types of serous membranes include:

1.pleura:
–line pleural cavities and covers lungs
2.peritoneum:
–lines the abdominal cavity and covers abdominal organs
3.pericardium:
–lines the pericardial cavity and covers heart

Each has parietal and visceral layers

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9
Q

What 2 key parts are the integumentary system made up of?

A
  1. cutaneous membrane (= skin)

2. accessory glands and structures

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10
Q

What are the two layers of the skin? What is underneath that?

A

1.epidermis: superficial epithelial tissue layer 2.dermis: thicker underlying connective tissue layer

the hypodermis= subcutaneous layer
–composed of areolar and adipose CT
–not part of skin
- attaches skin to underlying tissues and organs
–contains fat storage and large blood vessels supplying the skin

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11
Q

What are the 5 functions of the skin?

A
  1. Body temperature regulation (via sweating and changes in blood flow)
  2. Protection of underlying tissues and organs (from UV light, microorganism entry, abrasion)
  3. Cutaneous sensations (touch, pain, temperature) 4.Excretion of salts, water, and organic wastes 5.Synthesis of vitamin D
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12
Q

What kind of cells are the epidermis made of? Is it vascular or avascular?

A
  • stratified squamous epithelium

* avascular (nutrients and oxygen diffuse from capillaries in the dermis)

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13
Q

What are the 4 epidermis cell types?

A
  1. keratinocytes
  2. melanocytes
  3. Langerhans cells
  4. Merkel cells
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14
Q

Keratinocytes make up what percentage of cells in the epidermis?

A

90 percent

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15
Q

What do keratinocytes produce?

A

•produce keratin
–a tough, fibrous protein
–strengthens and protects the skin

•produce granules that release a lipid-rich substance
–repels water to prevent the loss of fluid from the body through the skin

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16
Q

Where are keratinocytes found?

A

In the epidermis

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17
Q

Where are melanocytes found?

A

found in the deepest epidermal layer (stratum basale)

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18
Q

What do melanocytes produce?

A

produce melanin
–a yellow-brown or black pigment
–contributes to skin colour
–absorbs UV light (protects keratinocytes from DNA damage which leads to cancer)

**extensions of the cytoplasm deliver melanin to the keratinocytes **

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19
Q

What are langerhans cells and what is their purpose?

A

( Intraepidermal macrophages )

  • phagocytic cells
  • part of immune response against microorganisms that enter the skin
  • easily damaged by UV light
20
Q

What are merkel cells and what is their purpose?

A

( Tactile epithelial cells )

  • cells that contact specialized sensory nerve endings called tactile (Merkel) discs
  • detect different aspects of touchsensations
21
Q

What are the 5 epidermis cell layers?

A

•Cell layers (called stratum):

  1. corneum
  2. lucidum
  3. granulosum
  4. spinosum
  5. basale
22
Q

Which layer is stratum basale? What kind of cell structure does it have? What kind of cells is it composed of?

A
  • deepest layer
  • single row of cuboidalor columnar cells
  • contains Merkel cells, melanocytes and stem cells
  • stem cells–continually divide (by mitosis) to produce new keratinocytes –as new cells are produced, older cells are pushed to the surface
23
Q

What is stratum spinosum? How many layers of keratinocytes is it composed of? How is it produced? What are they bound by? What kind of cells does it contain?

A
  • 8 - 10 layers of keratinocytes
  • produced by the division of stem cells of the basal layer
  • packed closely together and bound by desmosomes
  • contains Langerhans cells
24
Q

What is stratum granulosum? How many layers of keratinocytes is it composed of? What do the cells contain? What happens to the cells once keratin is produced?

A

•3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes
•cells contain keratin and lipid-rich granules
•cells die once keratin is produced
–cells are flattened
–nuclei and organelles degenerate

25
Q

What is stratum lucidum? How many layers of FLATTENED, DEAD keratinocytes is it composed of? What are the cells filled with? Where is this layer found?

A
  • 3-5 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes
  • cells are filled with keratin
  • this layer is only found thick skin (i.e. fingertips, palms and sole of foot)
26
Q

What is stratum corneum? How many layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes is it composed of? What happens to the cells continuously? How long does it take for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum? What is the function of stratum corneum?

A
  • exposed layer
  • 25 – 30 layers of flattened, dead keratinocytes
  • cells are continuously shed and replaced

it takes 15 to 30 days for a cell to move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum

•multiple layers of keratin-filled cells prevent water loss and provide protection from injury and microbes

27
Q

What are the 3 conditions that affect the epidermis?

A
  • a callous is an abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum due to friction (protective)
  • first degree burns affect only the epidermis
  • skin cancer can affect a number of epidermal cell types (basal cells, squamous cells, melanocytes)
28
Q

What is the dermis?

A

= connective tissue layer below the epidermis, containing collagen and elastic fibres

29
Q

What are the 2 distinct regions of the dermis?

A
  1. superficial

2. deep

30
Q

What is the superficial dermis? What is it composed of? What does it form?

A
  • upper 1/5 of the dermis
  • composed of areolar connective tissue containing elastic fibers
  • forms fingerlike-projections called dermal papillae surface area for attachment between the epidermis and dermis
31
Q

What is the deep dermis? What kind of cells does it contain? What kind of tissue is it composed of?

A 
•deep  4/5  of  the  dermis  
•contains  adipose  cells,  larger  blood  vessels,  nerves,  hair  follicles,  oil  glands  and  sweat  glands  •composed  of  dense  irregular  connective  tissue  containing  both  collagen  and  elastic  fibers for: 
–strength
–extensibility  (ability  to  stretch)  
–elasticity  (ability  to  recoil)
32
Q

What are the 2 conditions that affect the deep dermis?

A
  • wrinkles–caused by reduced collagen production and wear and tear of elastic fibres within the dermis layer
  • stretch marks–excessive stretching (i.e. pregnancy) causes small tears in the dermis
33
Q

What are the 3 factors that determine skin colour? How?

A

1.melanin:
–dark pigment from melanocytes
–the # of melanocytes is the same in most people but the amount of melanin produced differs between skin colours
–What is albinism?
2.carotene:
–yellow-orange pigment needed for vision
–accumulates in the stratum corneum and fatty areas of the skin
3. hemoglobin:
–oxygen-carrying pigment of RBCs
–blood appears red when hemoglobin is oxygenated
–increase blood flow to capillaries of the skin, skin turns red (i.e. blushing)

34
Q

What are the 3 accessory structures to the skin and where do they originate?

A 
•originate  in  the  dermis  
•extend  through  the  epidermis  to  the  skin  surface  •accessory  structures  of  the  skin  include:    
1.hair
2.glands  (oil,  sweat,  wax)  
3.nails
35
Q

What is hair? Where is it found? What are its 4 functions?

A

•present on most skin surfaces, except lips, palms, soles, and portions of the external genitalia •Functions:

  1. protection (from injury, UV light)
  2. insulation
  3. guards openings (i.e. ears, eyes, nose)
  4. detect light touch
36
Q

What is the hair structure composed of? What are the 2 main parts?

A

•composed of a thread of dead, keratinized cells •Two parts:

  1. shaft (projects above the skin surface)
  2. root (penetrates into the dermis)
37
Q

What is a hair follicle? What 2 layers is it formed by? What is it surrounded by?

A

= surrounds the hair root
•formed by 2 layers of epidermal cells that penetrate into the dermis, internal and external root sheaths
•surrounded by dense connective tissue

38
Q

What is a hair bulb? What 2 parts does it contain?

A

= the enlarged base of each follicle

Contains:

  1. papilla–blood vessels
  2. matrix–cells divide to produce hair –melanocytes (determine hair colour)
39
Q

What are the 2 other hair structures? What are their functions?

A

•hair root plexus:
–hair follicle nerve endings that are sensitive to touch
•arrector pili muscle: –extends from the upper dermis to the hair follicle –contracts when frightened or cold (‘goose bumps’)

40
Q

What are the 3 skin glands?

A

•Glands found in the skin include:

  1. sebaceous (oil)
  2. sudoriferous (sweat)
  3. ceruminous (wax)
41
Q

What are sebaceous glands? Where do you find them? What do they secrete? What are the 3 functions ?

A

lie in the dermis and open:
1.into the hair follicle 2
.onto the skin surface

  • secrete an oily substance called sebum
  • functions:
  1. keeps hair and skin from drying out
  2. keeps skin soft
  3. inhibits growth of some bacteria

•Where don’t you find oil glands?
palms of hands and soles of feet

42
Q

What is the condition that affects sebaceous glands?

A

•pimples= enlarged sebaceous glands caused by the accumulation of sebum and bacteria
–sebum provides nutrition for bacteria

43
Q

What are sudiferous glands? What do they produce? Where are they found? What is their function?

A
  • produce sweat which contains mainly water and salts (NaCl)
  • secretory cells lie deep in the dermis or hypodermis
  • sweat is released into ducts
  • functions to regulate body temperature (cooling)
44
Q

What are the two types of sweat glands? What are their functions? Where are they found?

A

1.eccrine:
–most common
–sweat ducts open directly onto the skin surface
–found mainly in the skin of the forehead, palms, and soles

  1. apocrine:
    –sweat ducts open into a hair follicle
    –mainly found in the armpit, groin and areola of breast
    –start functioning at puberty
    –stimulated by stress and excitement
45
Q

What are ceruminous glands? Where are they found? What do they produce? What is their function?

A
  • found in the external auditory canal (outer ear canal)
  • produce cerumen (earwax)
  • cerumen and hair = protect the eardrum by forming a sticky barrier against foreign bodies
46
Q

What are nails and what do they consist of?

A

•plates of tightly packed, hard, keratinized cells •Consists of:
–nail body (pink due to underlying blood vessels)
–free edge (portion that extends past the finger or toe)
–nail root (portion of nail that is not visible)
•nail matrix: cells of the epidermis transform into nail cells (1 mm/week)
•lunula: thickend region of the underlying epidermis (blood vessels not visible)
•cuticle: consists of stratum corneum

BIOL 1105 (13 decks)

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