Module 5 Flashcards by Stefanie Gerstenberg

What theory informs Projective Personality Assessments?

Psychoanalytic theory

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What did the Exner Scoring System do for the Rorschach Inkblot Test?

Refuted earlier criticisms that it reflected poor reliability and validity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a disadvantage of the RIT?

Test contains only 10 items, meaning potential invalidation for anyone tested on more than one occasion.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many cards make up the TAT, and how many are presented to the client during an assessment?

TAT is comprised of 32 cards, client is presented with 10-14 cards during an assessment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a disadvantage of the TAT?

Very difficult to evaluate the reliability and validity, as different cards can be used and presented in varying orders.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a Projective Drawing Test?

A type of diagnostic technique in which an individual is required to draw a picture for the purpose of assessing personality, cognitive abilities or psychopathology.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the Draw-a-Person test?

A projective personality test used to evaluate children and adolescents, Test involves the requesting the child to complete three individual drawings of a man, a woman and themselves.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the three models of consciousness as explained by Freud?

Unconscious
Preconscious
Conscious

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to psychodynamic theory, what instinctive drives are believed to shape personality?

Eros (life/sexual instinct)

- Thanatos (death/aggressive instinct)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to psychodynamic theory, what physchological forces influence behaviour?

Id - basic impulses, immediate gratification, irrrational and impulsive
Ego - mediates id and supergo, rational, resting reality
Superego - ideals and morals, striving for perfection, operates at a preconscious level

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of reliability impact personality assessment?

Temporal - consistent scores across time
Inter-rater - consistent results across testers
Internal - consistent scores across different items

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What types of validity impact personality assessment?

Face - item appears to accurately measure the construct
Construct - scale accurately measures latent content and not other variables
Criterion-related - scale can be used to accurately predict performance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the four broad types of assessment?

Projective
Psychometric
Behaviour rating
Clinical interview

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is personality?

A collection of traits, dispositions and attributes that can be translated into emotional responses, social behaviour, motivations, values and interests.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a trait?

Enduring and relatively permanent characteristic that is distinguished along a continuum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a state?

Temporary behavioural tendency usually in reaction to an internal or environmental stimulus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is a type?

General description of an individual into a distinct category.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to Smith and Archer (2014) what are the 5 purposes of personality assessment?

Describe psychopathology and obtain differential
Describe and predict everyday behaviour
Inform psychological treatment
Monitor treatment
Use personality assessment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Research has demonstrated personality is a _______ interaction between _____ ______ and ______ ______

Bidirectional, inherited tendencies, life experiences

What is the assumption of psychometric personality assessments?

Personality is consciously accessible. That personality can be measured through self-report questionnaires.

What are the advantages of psychometric personality assessments?

Economical
Scoring and administration are simple and objective
Interpretation easier
Psychometric properties are clearly defined

What are the four dimensions of the Myers-Briggs?

Extraversion - Introversion
Sensing - Intuition
Thinking - Feeling
Judging - Perceiving

What are the four letters used to denote the personality type code in the Myers-Briggs?

S - indicates a preference for sensing
N - indicates a preference for intuition
T - indicates a preference for making decisions via thinking
F - indicates a preference for making decisions via feeling

At what ages do we develop the dominant and auxiliary functions indicated in the Myers-Briggs?

Dominant - age 7

Auxiliary - age 20

What are the disadvantages of psychometric personality assessments?

- Tests often provide a single summary score - Some rely heavily on self-knowledge - Forced-choice approach prevents people from qualifying or elaborating their responses

What is the NEO-PI-R?

Provides a detailed assessment of adult personality based on the Big Five traits as well as six subordinate facets of each

What is the MMPI-2-RF designed to assess?

Designed to assess psychopathology and is primarily administered to clients who are suspected of having mental health or clinical issues.

What differences in personality have been observed across cultures?

Different characteristics have been shown in people who are part of an individualist culture compared with a collectivist culture.

How does Rorer (1990) define personality assessment

The description of people's manner of behaving; their moods, situations and behaviours they choose as opposed to the ones they avoid.

What do Handler & Meyer (1998) describe as the difference between psychological testing and psychological assessment?

Testing is a straightforward process wherein a test is administered to obtain a specific score. Whereas assessment takes a variety of test-derived pieces of information and places that data in the context of historical information, referral information and behavioural information.

What do Archer & Smith (2014) define as the two categories of self-report measures?

Omnibus - are those that assess multiple domains of personality, psychopathology or functioning Narrow-band - only measures a single domain, e.g. self-esteem

What is reciprocal determinism as postulated by Bandura?

This theory acknowledges the reciprocal influences of behaviour, environment and personal/cognitive factors on personality.

The construct measured by a test is called a _____ variable

Latent

How is temporal consistency measured?

Through test-retest reliability

How is internal consistency measured?

Split-half reliability and Cronbach's alpha (values about .70 are adequate, values about .80 considered good)

How is inter-rater reliability measured?

Cohen's kappa, generally accepted when above .70

How is play therapy used to assess children?

Children are engaged to play (for example, with sand trays) and a professional observes and interprets the projected thematic content of the play.

What is the basic premise of the Myers-Briggs?

We all use four basic functions: two of them help us process information (sensing & intuition), two of them help us make decisions

What are the advantages of the 16PF?

- Easy and quick to administer - Low face validity - Good support for reliability and validity

What are the disadvantages of the 16PF?

- Overeducated norm group (requires atleast 5th grade reading level) - New version converts scores to 'stens' = difficult to understand.

What are the advantages of the NEO-PI-R?

- Excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability | - - Includes both a 'self-report' and 'other-report' form

What are some criticisms of the NEO-PI-R?

- Doesn't control for socially desirable responding | - Norms based on relatively small sample

Which is the most widely used and researched standardised psychometric test of personality and psychopathology?

The MMPI

Who is credited with the first 'modern' personality test?

Carl Jung, his 'association method' was a standardised list of words to which patients were asked to free associated, or to say whatever came to mind'.

How is factor analysis used to develop self-report instruments?

A large initial pool of items is administered to a large group of subjects. The responses are then intercorrelated, and the resulting intercorrelations are factor analysed in order to identify underlying clusters of items.