Module 5 Flashcards
What theory informs Projective Personality Assessments?
Psychoanalytic theory
What did the Exner Scoring System do for the Rorschach Inkblot Test?
Refuted earlier criticisms that it reflected poor reliability and validity
What is a disadvantage of the RIT?
Test contains only 10 items, meaning potential invalidation for anyone tested on more than one occasion.
How many cards make up the TAT, and how many are presented to the client during an assessment?
TAT is comprised of 32 cards, client is presented with 10-14 cards during an assessment
What is a disadvantage of the TAT?
Very difficult to evaluate the reliability and validity, as different cards can be used and presented in varying orders.
What is a Projective Drawing Test?
A type of diagnostic technique in which an individual is required to draw a picture for the purpose of assessing personality, cognitive abilities or psychopathology.
What is the Draw-a-Person test?
A projective personality test used to evaluate children and adolescents, Test involves the requesting the child to complete three individual drawings of a man, a woman and themselves.
What are the three models of consciousness as explained by Freud?
- Unconscious
- Preconscious
- Conscious
According to psychodynamic theory, what instinctive drives are believed to shape personality?
- Eros (life/sexual instinct)
- Thanatos (death/aggressive instinct)
According to psychodynamic theory, what physchological forces influence behaviour?
- Id - basic impulses, immediate gratification, irrrational and impulsive
- Ego - mediates id and supergo, rational, resting reality
- Superego - ideals and morals, striving for perfection, operates at a preconscious level
What types of reliability impact personality assessment?
Temporal - consistent scores across time
Inter-rater - consistent results across testers
Internal - consistent scores across different items
What types of validity impact personality assessment?
Face - item appears to accurately measure the construct
Construct - scale accurately measures latent content and not other variables
Criterion-related - scale can be used to accurately predict performance
What are the four broad types of assessment?
Projective
Psychometric
Behaviour rating
Clinical interview
What is personality?
A collection of traits, dispositions and attributes that can be translated into emotional responses, social behaviour, motivations, values and interests.
What is a trait?
Enduring and relatively permanent characteristic that is distinguished along a continuum
What is a state?
Temporary behavioural tendency usually in reaction to an internal or environmental stimulus
What is a type?
General description of an individual into a distinct category.
According to Smith and Archer (2014) what are the 5 purposes of personality assessment?
- Describe psychopathology and obtain differential
- Describe and predict everyday behaviour
- Inform psychological treatment
- Monitor treatment
- Use personality assessment
Research has demonstrated personality is a _______ interaction between _____ ______ and ______ ______
Bidirectional, inherited tendencies, life experiences
What is the assumption of psychometric personality assessments?
Personality is consciously accessible. That personality can be measured through self-report questionnaires.
What are the advantages of psychometric personality assessments?
- Economical
- Scoring and administration are simple and objective
- Interpretation easier
- Psychometric properties are clearly defined
What are the four dimensions of the Myers-Briggs?
Extraversion - Introversion
Sensing - Intuition
Thinking - Feeling
Judging - Perceiving
What are the four letters used to denote the personality type code in the Myers-Briggs?
S - indicates a preference for sensing
N - indicates a preference for intuition
T - indicates a preference for making decisions via thinking
F - indicates a preference for making decisions via feeling
At what ages do we develop the dominant and auxiliary functions indicated in the Myers-Briggs?
Dominant - age 7
Auxiliary - age 20
What are the disadvantages of psychometric personality assessments?
- Tests often provide a single summary score
- Some rely heavily on self-knowledge
- Forced-choice approach prevents people from qualifying or elaborating their responses
What is the NEO-PI-R?
Provides a detailed assessment of adult personality based on the Big Five traits as well as six subordinate facets of each
What is the MMPI-2-RF designed to assess?
Designed to assess psychopathology and is primarily administered to clients who are suspected of having mental health or clinical issues.
What differences in personality have been observed across cultures?
Different characteristics have been shown in people who are part of an individualist culture compared with a collectivist culture.
How does Rorer (1990) define personality assessment
The description of people’s manner of behaving; their moods, situations and behaviours they choose as opposed to the ones they avoid.
What do Handler & Meyer (1998) describe as the difference between psychological testing and psychological assessment?
Testing is a straightforward process wherein a test is administered to obtain a specific score. Whereas assessment takes a variety of test-derived pieces of information and places that data in the context of historical information, referral information and behavioural information.
What do Archer & Smith (2014) define as the two categories of self-report measures?
Omnibus - are those that assess multiple domains of personality, psychopathology or functioning
Narrow-band - only measures a single domain, e.g. self-esteem
What is reciprocal determinism as postulated by Bandura?
This theory acknowledges the reciprocal influences of behaviour, environment and personal/cognitive factors on personality.
The construct measured by a test is called a _____ variable
Latent
How is temporal consistency measured?
Through test-retest reliability
How is internal consistency measured?
Split-half reliability and Cronbach’s alpha (values about .70 are adequate, values about .80 considered good)
How is inter-rater reliability measured?
Cohen’s kappa, generally accepted when above .70
How is play therapy used to assess children?
Children are engaged to play (for example, with sand trays) and a professional observes and interprets the projected thematic content of the play.
What is the basic premise of the Myers-Briggs?
We all use four basic functions: two of them help us process information (sensing & intuition), two of them help us make decisions
What are the advantages of the 16PF?
- Easy and quick to administer
- Low face validity
- Good support for reliability and validity
What are the disadvantages of the 16PF?
- Overeducated norm group (requires atleast 5th grade reading level)
- New version converts scores to ‘stens’ = difficult to understand.
What are the advantages of the NEO-PI-R?
- Excellent internal consistency and test-retest reliability
- - Includes both a ‘self-report’ and ‘other-report’ form
What are some criticisms of the NEO-PI-R?
- Doesn’t control for socially desirable responding
- Norms based on relatively small sample
Which is the most widely used and researched standardised psychometric test of personality and psychopathology?
The MMPI
Who is credited with the first ‘modern’ personality test?
Carl Jung, his ‘association method’ was a standardised list of words to which patients were asked to free associated, or to say whatever came to mind’.
How is factor analysis used to develop self-report instruments?
A large initial pool of items is administered to a large group of subjects. The responses are then intercorrelated, and the resulting intercorrelations are factor analysed in order to identify underlying clusters of items.
