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Psychology 1010 > Module 5&6&7 > Flashcards

Module 5&6&7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is human language?

A

A communication system that’s specific to homo sapiens.

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2
Q

What is syntax?

A

Rules for arranging words and symbols to form sentences or parts of sentences in a particular language.

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3
Q

What is grammar?

A

The entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language.

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4
Q

What is protolanguage?

A

Pre-language, rudimentary, and used by earlier species of homo. It’s likely that only our species of homo sapiens use grammatical and syntactic language.

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5
Q

When does cooing occur?

A

first six months, consisting almost exclusively of vowels.

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6
Q

When does babbling occur?

A

5-6 months. Experiments with a complex range of sounds.

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7
Q

When do one word utterances occur?

A

12 months. Words like “mama” or “dada”.

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8
Q

What is the ‘sensitive period’?

A

The optimal language learning time.

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9
Q

Mirror neurons

A

Active when we see others perform an action and we perform the same action.

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10
Q

Child-directed speech

A

Changes in adult speech patterns are characterized by high pitch, changes in voice volume, simpler sentences, emphasis on the here and now, and the use of emotion.

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11
Q

Sociocultural

A

Development of vocabulary as a function of the socioeconomic status of the family. Influenced by things such as culture, birth order, school, and peers, television, and parents.

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12
Q

Verbal Behavior

A

Type of operant behavior. Argues that language exists because it is reinforced and shaped.

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13
Q

Example of verbal behavior?

A

A child who does not speak is considered “non-vocal” and NOT “non-verbal”.

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14
Q

Chomsky’s theories of language

A

Skinner’s model could not account for the speaker’s ability to produce and understand new sentences that are not like anything they’ve ever heard before. Sometimes called the “death of behaviorism.”

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15
Q

Relational Frame Theory (RFT)

A

An extension of Skinner’s Verbal Behavior. stimulus equivalence explains how people learn without direct reinforcement/punishment contingencies.

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16
Q

Language in other species

A

Even very skilled animals only achieve a very rudimentary ability to communicate with human beings.

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17
Q

Contributions of Whorf and Sapir?

A

Proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Our language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.

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18
Q

Cognition

A

The mental processes involved in acquiring, processing, and storing knowledge.

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19
Q

Mental representation

A

A structure in the mind such as an idea or image that stands for something else, such as an external object or thing.

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20
Q

Reasoning

A

The process of drawing inferences or conclusions from principles and evidence.

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21
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions. Broad to specific.

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22
Q

Example of deductive reasoning

A

All birds lay eggs, pigeons are birds. Therefore, pigeons lay eggs.

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23
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Reasoning from specific evidence to general conclusions. Specific to broad.

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24
Q

Example of inductive reasoning

A

All the peaches I have eaten have been sweet, therefore most peaches must be sweet.

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25
Q

Confirmation Bias

A

The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one’s general belief while ignoring information that contradicts one’s belief.

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26
Q

who coined the term confirmation bias?

A

Peter wason (1960)

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27
Q

Heuristics

A

Shortcut, mental shortcuts for making complex and uncertain decisions and judgements.

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28
Q

Availability heuristics

A

A heuristic in which we make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to our awareness.

29
Q

Representative heuristic

A

A strategy used to estimate the probability of one based on how typical it is of another event.

30
Q

Conjunction fallacy

A

Logical error when people say that the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone.

31
Q

Dual process Theory

A

System 1: automatic, effortless, and fast cognitive processes that are difficult to stop control or change. System 2: Effortful, directed and slow cognitive processes that can be changed or modified at any point.

32
Q

Social Intuitionist Model

A

Intuitions come first, and strategic reasoning second. Basically, dual process theory is applied to moral decision-making.

33
Q

Rational Choice Theory

A

When given a choice between two or more options humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their goals.

34
Q

Prospect Theory

A

Developed by Kahneman and Tversky. More sensitive to potential loss than potential gain.

35
Q

Sensation

A

A physical process is the stimulation of our sense organs features of the outer world.

36
Q

Perception

A

A psychological process, the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience.

37
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

Our sensitivity diminishes when we have constant stimulation. This is important to ensure we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.

38
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

The lowest intensity levels of stimuli a person can detect 50% of the time. Not always constant and can change depending on the cost of making an error.

39
Q

Do depressed people have a higher absolute threshold?

A

yes

40
Q

Signal detection theory

A

The viewpoint is that both stimulus intensity and decision making processes are involved in the detection of the stimulus.

41
Q

Difference threshold

A

The smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time.

42
Q

Perceptual set

A

the effect of frame of mind on perception, or a tendency to perceive stimuli in a certain manner. “We see what we want to see and hear what we want to hear.”

43
Q

Bottom up processing

A

Perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces (data-driven)

44
Q

Top down processing

A

Perception of the whole guides perception of smaller elemental features (uses previous experiences and expectations)

45
Q

Synesthesia

A

Atypical sensory experience in when a person experiences sensation in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.

46
Q

What is memory?

A

Ability to store and use information. Storage of what has been learned and remembered from the past.

47
Q

Sensory Memory

A

Hold information in its original sensory form for a very brief period, usually about half a second or less than 2-3 seconds.

48
Q

Iconic memory

A

Brief visual record left on the retina of the eye

49
Q

Echoic memory

A

Short term retention of sounds, like the fire alarm turns off but you can still hear it in your head.

50
Q

Short term memory

A

Working memory attends to and solves immediate problems; often used interchangeably with short term memory

51
Q

Implicit memory/nondeclarative

A

“knowing how” like tying your shoes or riding a bike.

52
Q

Explicit memory/ declarative

A

“Knowing facts” like declaring words.

53
Q

Baddeley’s model of working memory

A

Baddeley claims there are four components of working memory: the phonological loop, the visuospatial sketchpad, the central executive, and the episodic buffer

54
Q

Visuospatial Sketchpad

A

Storage area for visual or spatial information

55
Q

Episodic Buffer

A

Storage area for specific events/experiences

56
Q

Phonological loop

A

Storage area for sounds/ linguistic information

57
Q

Central Executive:

A

Decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on a specific aspect of stimulus.

58
Q

Serial Position effect

A

People are better able to recall the things at the beginning and end of lists; they tend to forget the items in the middle.

59
Q

Four actions needed to make a long term memory

A

Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval

60
Q

Encoding

A

The brain tunes in to, takes in, and integrates new information.

61
Q

Automatic processing

A

It just happens

62
Q

Effortful processing

A

You work to get things in your head

63
Q

Consolidation

A

Processing, making sense of, and solidifying the experience. Biological connections are made and sleep promotes consolidation.

64
Q

Storage

A

Connect experiences to formulate rules. Associative network- a chain of relations between concepts.

65
Q

Example of Storage

A

Eat an apple, apple is good. Apple is a fruit. One year later you eat a jackfruit, jackfruit is good- so fruit is delicious.

66
Q

Retrieval

A

The recovery of information. Use it or lose it.

67
Q

What are 5 things that can help aid in the formation of memories.

A

Paying attention, connect to past experiences, see it often, connection to emotional and sensory.

68
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

A detailed snapshot of what we were doing when we experienced a significant, public, and emotionally charged event.

Psychology 1010 (7 decks)

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