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Psychology 1010 > Module 3&4 > Flashcards

Module 3&4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the definition of personality?

A

Enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts, and motives that characterize an individual.

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2
Q

Existential psychology

A

Suffering is a part of life. It serves as a sign that you’re ready to make changes towards a meaningful life.

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3
Q

Psychoanalytic:

A

Personality resides in the unconscious and early childhood experiences lay the foundation for adult personality.

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4
Q

Humanistic:

A

We have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible.

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5
Q

Behavioral/Evolutionary

A

Biological+environmental influences. Behavior is about adaptation and depends on context.

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6
Q

Social-cognitive

A

A person’s behavior changes in different situations.

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7
Q

Trait

A

Major force behind personality

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8
Q

Freud’s most important contribution to psychology

A

Three layers of consciousness: unconscious, preconscious, and conscious

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9
Q

Unconscious

A

The level of consciousness that contains all the drives, urgers, or instincts that motivate most of our speech, thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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10
Q

Preconscious

A

of or associated with a part of the mind below the level of immediate conscious awareness, from which memories and emotions that have not been repressed can be recalled.

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11
Q

Conscious

A

aware of and responding to one’s surroundings; awake.

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12
Q

Freud’s ID

A

the seat of impulse and desire; it owns or controls us.

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13
Q

Freud’s Ego

A

The only part of the mind that is in direct contact with the outside world. Operates on the reality principle.

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14
Q

Freud’s Superego

A

The part of the self that monitors and controls behavior; our conscience.

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15
Q

Jung’s concept of archetypes

A

Ancient or archaic images that result form common ancestral experiences.

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16
Q

Shadow

A

The dark and morally objectionable part of ourselves.

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17
Q

Anima

A

The female part of the male personality

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18
Q

Animus

A

The male part of the female personality

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19
Q

Describe the concept of self-actualization

A

We have a natural interest in becoming the best person possible.

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20
Q

Key figures of self-actualization

A

Maslow, Rogers

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21
Q

Active listening

A

Understand the feelings and views of the person. Ability to listen to someone and repeat back what they said in your own words.

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22
Q

What is phylogeny

A

Evolutionary and biological sources of behavior.

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23
Q

What is ontogeny?

A

History of reinforcement for engaging in certain behaviors.

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24
Q

what are the 5 factors of the big 5?

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism.

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25
Q

Openness

A

How interested in new experiences or new ideas is someone?

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26
Q

Conscientiousness

A

How planned, organized, orderly, hard-working, controlled, persevering, punctual, and ambitious is someone?

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27
Q

Extraversion

A

How sociable, talkative, active, outgoing, confident, and fun loving is someone?

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28
Q

Agreeablness

A

How friendly warm, trusting, generous, and good natured is someone?

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29
Q

Neuroticism

A

How anxious, worrying, tense, emotional, and high strung is someone?

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30
Q

Explanatory fiction

A

Involves using only diagnoses, conceptual variables, and other non-observable constructs to explain behavior.

31
Q

Why is explanatory fiction unhelpful?

A

It isn’t helpful for informing how to change behavior

32
Q

What are some ways to measure personality?

A

Interviewing, Projective tests, questionnaires, Social Media.

33
Q

Hatred and aggression toward homosexuals as a reaction to fear of one’s own homosexual impulses is an example of which Freudian defense mechanism?
A. reaction formation
B. psychosexual stages
C. repression
D. projection

A

A

34
Q

According to Jung, the collective unconscious is made up of ancient or archaic images that result from common ancestral experiences called
a.core-relational themes.
b.the animus.
c.the inferiority complex.
d.archetypes.

A

D

35
Q

The key assumption of humanistic theorists, such as Maslow and Rogers, is that people
A. are driven by unconscious motives.
B. strive toward growth and fulfillment.
C. learn from observing others.
D. none of the above

A

B

36
Q

The Big Five dimensions of personality are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, __________, and __________.
A. depression; neuroticism
B. agreeableness; neuroticism
C. agreeableness; introversion
D. anxiousness; introversion

A

B

37
Q

Variation?

A

Change from the current routines and competencies: change in organization forms.

38
Q

Example of variation

A

Any departure from routine or tradition.

39
Q

Selection

A

Differential elimination of certain types of variations. Some help organisms acquire resources and are thus selected.

40
Q

Retention

A

Selected variations are preserved, duplicated, or otherwise reproduced.

41
Q

Functional Contextualism

A

Behavior is anything an organism does overt and covertly. All behavior is a function of its context.

42
Q

What is the definition of behavior as the functional contextualist sees it?

A

All behavior is a function of its context.

43
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Reinforcement/Punishment

44
Q

Examples of operant conditioning?

A

a child may be told they will lose recess privileges if they talk out of turn in class. This potential for punishment may lead to a decrease in disruptive behaviors

45
Q

What is respondent conditioning?

A

A neutral stimulus is paired repeatedly with the unconditional stimulus, which naturally elicits the unconditioned response.

46
Q

Example of respondent conditioning

A

Pavlovs dog

47
Q

Positive Reinforcement

A

Adding something to increase the frequency of behavior.

48
Q

Negative Reinforcement

A

Removing something to increase the frequency of behavior.

49
Q

Positive Punishment

A

Adding something to decrease the frequency of behavior.

50
Q

Negative punishment

A

Removing something to decrease the frequency of behavior.

51
Q

Every time Timmy completes his chores (desired behaviors), Sarah gives him a sticker. Timmy starts to enjoy collecting stickers and becomes more motivated to complete his chores regularly.
1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Positive Punishment
4. Negative Punishment

A

1

52
Q

Every time Max jumps on the furniture (undesired behavior), Emma uses a spray bottle to squirt him with water (aversive stimulus). Max stops jumping on the furniture as often as he dislikes getting squirted with water.
1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Positive Punishment
4. Negative Punishment

A

3

53
Q

Every time John completes his daily study session (desired behavior), and his parents stop nagging him about his grades.
Subsequently, he regularly completes his daily study sessions to avoid the nagging.
1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Positive Punishment
4. Negative Punishment

A

2

54
Q

Every time Lily throws a tantrum and refuses to go to bed, Mike takes away her storybook for the night (she likes her storybook). Lily begins to understand that her tantrums lead to the loss of her bedtime story and she gradually reduces her tantrums over time.
1. Positive Reinforcement
2. Negative Reinforcement
3. Positive Punishment
4. Negative Punishment

A

4

55
Q

What is a 3-term contingency? (ABC)

A

Antecedent-behavior-consequence

56
Q

What is an Antecedent?

A

What happens right before the behavior

57
Q

Example of 3-term contingency (ABC)

A

A: Traffic light turns red
B: Press foot onto brakes
C: Stop at intersection

58
Q

What is rule governed behavior?

A

Happens when someone engages in a behavior for a certain reason even they have never contacted the reinforcement or punishment.

59
Q

Example of Rule-Governed behavior

A

Not eating raw chicken so you don’t get sick- even though you’ve never eaten raw chicken.

60
Q

What is extinction?

A

A process in which a previously reinforced behavior is no longer reinforced, resulting in a reduction or elimination of that behavior.

61
Q

Example of extinction

A

Billy keeps shouting in his class. Instead of telling him to stop the teacher ignores him.

62
Q

What is generalization?

A

the tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli.

63
Q

Example of Generalization

A

Carlos is learning some new self-regulation skills with his counselor. He has demonstrated, in sessions, that he knows how to do them. When he later becomes frustrated at work, instead of yelling at his co-worker, he uses his calming strategies instead.

64
Q

What is discrimination?

A

Behavior occurring less or more to a particular stimulus or situation compared to another. Deciding how to behave based on the context.

65
Q

Example of discrimination

A

Knowing when to order at a restaurant.

66
Q

What is a schedule of reinforcement?

A

The rules that determine how often an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior.

67
Q

What is a fixed ratio? (FR)

A

Reinforcement follows a fixed number of responses. High overall rate of responding. Post reinforcement pause

68
Q

Example of a fixed ratio reinforcement.

A

The child receives a sticker for raising his hand.

69
Q

What is a variable ratio? (VR)

A

Reinforcement follows a variable number of responses. High steady rate of responding.

70
Q

Example of Variable ratio reinforcement.

A

Slot machines, social media.

71
Q

What is a fixed interval? (FI)

A

Reinforcement is provided for the first response following a fixed duration. Initially slow but accelerating rate of response. Post reinforcement pause.

72
Q

Example of fixed interval reinforcement

A

Students wait until the last minute to complete an assignment.

73
Q

What is a variable Interval? (VI)

A

Reinforcement is provided for the first correct response following a variable amount of time. A constant, steady rate of responding.

74
Q

Example of a variable interval reinforcement.

A

Pop quizzes at unpredictable times tend to occasion more consistent study behavior than quizzes at fixed intervals.

Psychology 1010 (7 decks)

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