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Psychology 1010 > Exam 4 Study Guide > Flashcards

Exam 4 Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is stress?

A

A response is elicited when a situation overwhelms a person’s ability to meet the demands of the situation.

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2
Q

Stimulus

A

A response elicited when a situation overwhelms a person’s perceived ability to meet the demands of the situation.

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3
Q

Response

A

Focuses on the physiological changes that occur. What is going on in the body during the stress.

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4
Q

Relational

A

How stressful a situation is for you depends on what the situation means to you. Stress will vary based on your relationship to the situation.

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5
Q

How do our appraisals of events affect our stress and affect?

A

When events are appraised as threatening, negative emotions occur.

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6
Q

What is General adaptation syndrome? (GAS)

A

Non Specific set of changes that occur during extreme stress.

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7
Q

Alarm stage

A

All the body’s resources respond to a perceived threat.

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8
Q

Resistance stage

A

An extended effort to deal with the threat.

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9
Q

Exhaustion stage

A

All resources have been depleted and illness is more likely.

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10
Q

What does the physiological reactivity model of stress and illness suggest?

A

Involves bodily changes in response to stressful stimuli or events.

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11
Q

Problem focused coping

A

Aims to change the situation that is creating stress

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12
Q

Emotion focused

A

Aims to regulate the experience of distresss

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13
Q

Social support

A

Having friends or other people, including family, to turn to in times of need or crisis to give you a broader focus and positive self-image.

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14
Q

Social faciliation

A

Phenomenon in which the presence of others improves one’s performance. Usually occurs for tasks we find easy, or we know well.

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15
Q

Example of social facilitation

A

A musician/actor/performer who becomes energized by having an audience and does a better performance.

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16
Q

Social Loafing

A

A phenomenon in which the presence of others causes one to relax one’s standards and slack off.

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17
Q

Example of social loafing

A

Mass emails, singing in a choir, group project.

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18
Q

Conformity

A

The tendency of people to adjust their behavior to what others are doing or to adhere to the norms of their culture.

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19
Q

Informational social influence

A

Conformity because one views others as a source of knowledge about what one is supposed to do.

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20
Q

Example of Informational social influence

A

Choosing a restaurant based on online ratings or recommendations.

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21
Q

Normative social influence

A

Conformity to be accepted by others.

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22
Q

Example of normative social influence.

A

Wearing aggie apparel to sporting events.

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23
Q

Attribution

A

influences are made about the causes of other people’s behavior.

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24
Q

Self-Serving bias.

A

Make situational attributions for our failures but dispositional attributions for our successes.

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25
Q

Example of self serving bias

A

If you do well it is because of your awesome abilities. If you do poorly, it is because it was a difficult test.

26
Q

Fundamental attribution error

A

Explain others’ behavior in terms of dispositional attributions rather than situational ones.

27
Q

Example of fundamental attribution error.

A

Someone cuts your off. Do you think they’re a jerk or do you think that they were in a hurry?

28
Q

Bystander effect

A

(diffusion of responsibility) The greater the number of bystanders who witness an emergency, the less likely any one of them is to help.

29
Q

Empathy

A

The ability to share the feelings of others and understand their situations.

30
Q

Compassion

A

Feeling kindness toward others understanding another who is suffering and feeling motivated to help.

31
Q

Cognitive dissonance

A

Feeling discomfort caused by information that is different from a person’s conception of himself as a reasonable and sensible person.

32
Q

How to handle cognitive dissonance

A

Change behavior, change cognitions to justify behavior.

33
Q

Dehumanization

A

A tendency to portray a group of people as unworthy of human rights and traits- intended to make them feel unworthy.

34
Q

Solomon Asch study (1951)

A

76% of the participants went along with the group at least once when the group answer was clearly wrong. Participants made fewer errors when they were alone.

35
Q

Milgram obedience study

A

Showed how powerful situations can make reasonable people do things that seem cruel and unusual. The experimenter told the participant to administer shocks even if the shocks to the other participant were fatal.

36
Q

Stanford Prison Experiment

A

Phillip Zimbardo (and colleagues)
Investigated the impact of social and situational variables on behavior.
Split into two groups: guards and prisoners.
Results: guards were aggressive and abusive towards prisoners. The study was ended early.

37
Q

Developmental psychologist

A

Developmental psychologists study how people grow, develop, and adapt at different life stages. They conduct research designed to help people reach their full potential.

38
Q

Example of developmental psycholgist

A

Studying the difference between learning styles in babies and adults.

39
Q

Social Psychologist

A

Study how individuals think about, influence, and relate to one another and how those interacts affect issues as a wide-ranging as prejudice, romantic attraction, persuasion, friendship, and aggression.

40
Q

Health Psychogist

A

Health psychology focuses on how biological, social, and psychological factors influence health and illness. Health psychologists study how patients handle illness, why some people don’t follow medical advice, and the most effective ways to control pain or change poor health habits.

41
Q

Motor development

A

Motor development is part of physical development and refers to the growth in the ability of children to use their bodies and physical skills. Motor development can be divided into gross motor skills and fine motor skills.

42
Q

Sensory development

A

Sensory development relates to our senses (vision, hearing, touch, taste, smell) which allow us to explore the world around us.

43
Q

Cognitive development

A

the development of the ability to think and reason

44
Q

Social Development

A

how children start to understand who they are, what they are feeling, and what to expect when interacting with others.

45
Q

what are developmental milestones?

A

Major milestones are predictable but the exact age at which a child reaches each milestone can vary.

46
Q

What are piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

A

Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete, formal

47
Q

Sensorimotor stage (0-2)

A

Infants learn about the world by using their senses and by moving their bodies. Object permanence.

48
Q

Preoperational stage (2-5)

A

Begins with the emergence of symbolic thought, and animistic thinking. Conservation is not possible.

49
Q

Concrete operational stage (6-11)

A

Limitations of the preoperational stage are overcome. Children can perform mental operations. Such as reversing on real objects or events.

50
Q

Formal operational stage (12+)

A

Reasoning about abstract concepts and problems become possible.

51
Q

Zone of proximal development?

A

Founded by Lev Vygotsky. Felt cognitive development is more of a social event than Piaget did. Zone of proximal development:
Too easy zone: what the student can do without help.
Zone of proximal development: what the student can do with help.
Too hard zone: beyond the student’s abilities.

52
Q

What is the theory of mind?

A

Knowledge and ideas about how other people’s minds work and what they are thinking, wanting, and feeling.

53
Q

False belief task

A

Used to measure the age at which theory of mind develops.

54
Q

What are attachment styles?

A

Human infants are born with a repertoire of behaviors ‘designed’ by evolution to assure proximity to supportive others who are likely to provide protection from physical and psychological threats, promote safe and healthy exploration of the environment, and help the infant learn to regulate emotions effectively.

55
Q

Secure attachment

A

happy connection and evident warmth

56
Q

Avoidant attachement

A

Absence of obvious distress during separation.

57
Q

Resistant Attachment

A

Difficulty being comforted and may actively resist contact with a parent.

58
Q

Disorganized/ Disoriented attachment

A

Inconsistent behaviors and demonstrates possible fear of the parent.

59
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

Knowledge about facts

60
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Raw mental ability, pattern recognition novel problem solving, abstract reasoning.

Psychology 1010 (7 decks)

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