Module #5 Flashcards
What function does each structure have in eye defense?
Tears
Flushes away dirt and bacteria and provides nutrition to the eye
What function does each structure have in eye defense?
Conjunctiva
Protects eye from infection. Also provides lubrication with mucus secretion
What function does each structure have in eye defense?
Eyelashes
Catches particles in air before hitting the eye and warns of close objects
What function does each structure have in eye defense?
Eyelids
Bathes eye’s surface with fresh tears
What function does each structure have in eye defense?
Orbit
Encases the eye in bone that will not puncture the eye even if the bone is broken
Eye Anatomy
What is A?
Conjunctive
Eye Anatomy
What is B?
Sclera
Eye Anatomy
What is C?
Cornea
Eye Anatomy
What is D?
Aqueous humor
Eye Anatomy
What is E?
Pupil
Eye Anatomy
What is F?
Iris
Eye Anatomy
What is G?
Lens
Eye Anatomy
What is H?
Vitreous humor
Eye Anatomy
What is I?
Retina
Eye Anatomy
What is J?
Fovea
Eye Anatomy
What is K?
Optic nerve
Compare the vision quality of the macula and the optic disk
Macula: Most sensitive part of retina and gives the sharpest detail and best color discrimination
Optic disk: Has no light-sensitive cells and is the natural blind spot on the retina
Photoreceptor cell with 3 varieties for color discrimination
Cone
Photoreceptor cell that functions in very low light
Rod
The kind of cells densely packed in the fovea, but becoming fewer as you travel away from the fovea
Cone
The kind of cell that makes up the majority of the retina photoreceptor cells, especially in the peripheral retina
Rod
Result of not being able to make enough photo pigment
Night blindness
Usually the result of a lack of one of the types of cone cells
Color blindness
Also called photokeratitis
Snow blindness
Term for not being able to discriminate between green and red
Color blindness
Linked to the X chromosome, so it is much more common in males, who only have one X chromosome
Color blindness
Form of sunburn on the cornea and conjunctiva
Snow blindness
Earliest visual sign of a lack of vitamin A
Night blindness
Myopia
When objects far away are blurry
Usual treatment: Glasses/contact lenses. Sometimes surgery
Hyperopia
When objects close up are blurry
Usual treatment: Reading glasses or prescribed lenses
Astigmatism
When all vision is blurry
Usual treatment: Prescribed lenses or laser surgery
Amblyopia
When a person only uses one eye’s vision
Usual treatment: Patching strong eye and wearing glasses
Infection of the conjunctive
Pink eye
Loss of function of the retinal cells in the center of a person’s field of vision
Macular degeneration
Loss of the transparency of the lens
Cataract
Sebaceous glad infection near the edge of the eyelid
Stye
What are the two qualities of sound?
Frequency (pitch) and amplitude (volume)
Frequency
The number of sound waves that pass a certain point in a second
What do you hear when frequency changes?
Higher frequency means the sound goes up in pitch while lower means it goes down in pitch
Amplitude
The cause of how loud the noise is
What do you hear when amplitude changes?
Higher amplitude causes higher volume while lower amplitude cases lower volume
Which quality (frequency and amplitude) is the extreme can cause hearing damage?
Amplitude (volume). High volume can be destructive to your hearing.
What can happen if there is too much wax in the external auditory canal?
What can happen if water remains in the external auditory canal?
The wax can build up, harden, and muffle hearing
Too much water can lead to painful infection (also called Swimmer’s ear)
Ear Anatomy
What is A?
External auditory canal
Ear Anatomy
What is B?
Auricle
Ear Anatomy
What is C?
Eardrum
Ear Anatomy
What is D?
Vestibule
Ear Anatomy
What is E?
Auditory ossicles
Ear Anatomy
What is F?
Semicircular canals
Ear Anatomy
What is G?
Cochlea
Ear Anatomy
What is H?
Auditory nerve
Ear Anatomy
What is I?
Eustachian tube
Mucosa
It lines inside of the middle ear and provides mucus
Nasopharynx
Extension of the throat above the palate. Allows air to pass into the middle ear through Eustachian tube
Oval window
It divides the air-filled middle ear from the fluid-filled inner ear. it receives the amplified vibrations from the auditory ossicles and transmits the vibrations into the fluid in the labyrinth
Bony labyrinth
The inner ear cavity surrounded by bone. Is essential for hearing and balance
Round window
Elastic membrane on the bony labyrinth that allows the waves in the fluid inside the labyrinth to move
Spiral organ
Made of fibers sequentially arranged by frequency, their associated hair cells, and the sensory neurons that carry the impulse from the hair cells through the auditory nerve and to the brain for interpretation.
Hair cell
Sensory receptor in the cochlea on the spiral organ that responds to a nearby fiber’s vibration and initiates a nerve impulse
What is the difference between conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss?
Conductive hearing loss: Temporary and is caused by excessive wax, fluid in middle ear, or punctured eardrum
Sensorineural hearing loss: Permanent and is caused by damaging hair cells that cannot be replaced
What can you do to relieve pain in your eardrums because of differing air pressure?
The Valsalva maneuver. It’s when you blow without letting the air out of the mouth or nose; it pushes air into the middle ear
The upper limit of loud noise that is not damaging to the spiral organ is 85 dB. A few household appliances make a little less noise and can be used to compare against electronic audio devices to that the devices are not too loud. What is one of these appliances?
A blender
What are two differences between the sensory receptors in the vestibule and in the semicircular canals?
Vestibule sensory receptor: Reports the position of the head, night and day, and it keeps your brain posted on position. It does not adapt
Semicircular sensory receptor: Lets you know of the head’s movements in turning and accelerating. It adapts
What causes vertigo in labyrinthitis?
Inflammation of inner ear from infection
What causes vertigo in motion sickness?
It’s when the inner ear senses motion but the eyes do not have evidence of motion. The disagreement causes motion sickness
Thermoreceptor
Responds to: Temperature
Adapts: Rapidly
Mechanoreceptors
Distinguishes: Pressure, stretching, and vibration
Adapts: Rapidly
Pain receptors
Responds to: Crushing, poking, and extreme temperature
Adapts: Slowly
Hair follicle receptors
Responds to: Hair movement
Adapts: Rapidly
What is equilibrioception?
The ability to keep the body from falling over while sitting, standing, or moving; balance
Which 4 systems work together to inform the cerebellum so it can maintain equilibrioception?
(1) Vestibular system
(2) Proprioceptors
(3) Cutaneous receptors
(4) Vision
What is the first response to an environment that is too hot or too cold?
Make behavioral changes to either cool down or warm up the body
What part of the brain controls your body temperature? What does it cause if you are too hot/too cold?
Hypothalamus. If too hot, it will make your perspire. If too cold, it will make you shiver
What parts of the body are most susceptible to frostbite? What is the best way to treat it?
Extremities (ears, fingers, toes, and nose)
Let the person who needs warming use his own body heat to return blood flow to damaged tissues
What actions might you suggest for someone to cool off?
Remove unnecessary clothing. Move into shade, air-conditioning, or next to fan. Rinse with cool water with shower, bath, or wet cloth. Bundle ice, in towel, around torso. Drink cool water/sports drink
Why do you need saliva to taste something?
Food dissolves in saliva. It then makes its way into the taste pores and the taste buds, where receptors take info to brain
What are the 5 taste sensations sensed by the taste bud chemoreceptors?
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami (savory, meaty)
What are the 4 other sensations that are not sensed by the taste buds but affect your sense of taste?
Temperature, astringency, hot, and metallic sensations
What causes the hot flavor in chili peppers? What will help you get rid of the hot taste? Will water help?
Capsaicin (waxy substance)
Fatty dairy products, bread, or rice
Water won’t help because capsaicin is waxy oil and won’t dissolve in water
Because the sense of smell is determined by chemoreceptors, what 3 things must be true of the odor for it to be sense?
(1) It must small and light enough to be dissolved in air
(2) It must dissolve in mucus in order to contact the hair cells of the olfactory
(3) It must be a substance with which chemorereceptors react
What are the 3 odorless gases that are dangerous to you? What do fuel gas companies do to make their gases safer for you?
1) Methane
2) Propane
3) Carbon monoxide
They add a foul-smelling natural chemical so you can smell gas leak
What 3 things can you and your family do now that would prepare you if a fire ever stated in your home?
1) Have prepared meeting place outside house
2) Have meeting about what to do in case of fire
3) Make sure rooms have proper exits
What are 3 facts to keep in mind when dealing with electricity in the home?
1) Electricity misuse may start fires
2) A person’s body conducts electric current and is damaged by it
3) Electric cords or electric appliances should not lie in water
