Module #10 Flashcards
What is A?
Trachea
What is B?
Alveolus
What is C?
Lung
What is D?
Concha
What is E?
Nasal cavity
What is F?
Larynx
What is G?
Bronchus
What is H?
Pharynx
What is I?
Bronchioles
What is J?
Naris
What is K?
Epiglottis
What is L?
Diaphragm
The site for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
Alveolus
A tiny branch of the bronchus
Bronchioles
Cartilage structure that closes the larynx during swallowing
Epiglottis
The part of the respiratory system connecting the nostrils, mouth, Eustachian tubes, larynx, and esophagus
Pharynx
The Adam’s apple and the cartilage support for the vocal folds
Larynx
The windpipe, supported by C-shaped cartilage rings
Trachea
Mucosa-covered bones that resemble seashells and cause the inspired air to tumble against mucosa to be warmed and humidified
Concha
Air left in the lungs after forced expiration
Residual volume
The average amount of air in a breath; about a pint
Tidal volume
The consumption of nutrients and oxygen to make ATP and carbon dioxide
Cellular respiration
The process of drawing air into the lungs
Inspiration
The maximum amount of air you can draw into your lungs after a normal inspiration
Inspiratory reserve volume
The release of air from the lungs, either active or passive
Expiration
The wall, partially bone and partially cartilage, that divides the nasal cavity into left and right
Nasal septum
Thick, irritating mucus in the respiratory system
Phlegm
Tiny hairlike structures that line the respiratory system and propel mucus against gravity into the pharynx
Cilia
What is a sinus?
An empty space in your skull that lightens your head and resonates with your voice
Sinuses are part of the respiratory system.
What are the largest sinuses in the human skull?
The maxillary sinuses
They lie between the eyes and the roots of the upper (maxillary) teeth.
What lines the sinuses?
Mucosa
Mucosa contains goblet cells that produce mucus.
What do goblet cells produce?
Mucus
What propels mucus in the sinuses?
Tiny hairlike cilia
Cilia move mucus toward the osmium.
What is an osmium in relation to the sinuses?
The opening through the bone into the nasal cavity
Osmium allows mucus to drain into the nasal cavity.
Name 4 common substances or situations that can produce respiratory symptoms, ranging from sniffles to asthma, is a person who is sensitive to that substance or situation:
1) Perfume allergies
2) Dry air
3) Smoke
4) Chlorine
Do allergies or sensitivities cause fever?
No
What is the difference between a productive cough and a dry cough?
Productive cough: Sounds liquidity and breaks mucus/phlegm loose.
Dry cough: Not liquidity and sounds like air traveling through dry tubes
What advice would you offer to someone who has a nosebleed?
1) Sit upright
2) Lean forward
3) Pinch the bridge of your nose firmly for 5-10 minutes
4) Avoid bending over or picking the nose for a few hours after the bleeding stops
5) If it continues to bleed after a half hour, get medical help
Desire to breathe brought on by high carbon dioxide levels in the blood
Air hunger
Device helpful in obstructive sleep apnea
CPAP machine
Device that evaluates the heartbeat and gives a powerful jolt of electricity to restart the heartbeat
AED machine
Device that only evaluates the heartbeat’s electric signal
ECG machine
Many episodes of apnea during on night’s sleep
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA)
Overreaction of the bronchi and bronchioles to an allergen or situation
Asthma
Pause in breathing
Apnea
Rattling of the back of the tongue, soft palate, or tonsils during breathing when asleep
Snoring
Swelling of the larynx or trachea in children with a cold, characterized by a barking cough
Croup
What are the two types of tonsils found in the pharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) and palatine tonsils
What happens to the tonsils when they actively fight infection?
They may swell and partially obstruct the airway
What symptoms can result from swollen tonsils?
Snoring or sleep apnea
What can prolonged enlargement of the tonsils cause in children?
Mouth breathing, more frequent colds, and middle ear infections
Fill in the blank: When the pharyngeal tonsils and palatine tonsils are enlarged, they may cause a child to breathe through the _______.
mouth
True or False: Enlarged tonsils can lead to sleep apnea.
True
What can cause a sore throat? (9)
1) Yelling
2) Coughing
3) Dry air
4) Postnasal drip
5) Acid reflux (GERD)
6) Viral Infection
7) Bacterial infection (strep throat)
8) Allergy
9) Trauma, such as a sharp tortilla chip
Alveoli…
have 1-cell-thick walls as do nearby capillaries. They are elastic, but they do not have muscles or cartilage
Red blood cells carry…
1) Oxygen in hemoglobin, a protein that contains iron
2) Carbon dioxide
Where are gases exchanged between RBCs (red blood cells) and alveoli?
Only in the alveoli
What holds the lungs against the rib cage and the diaphragm?
The cohesion of the pleura, then fluid, when another layer of pleura
Inspiration is a result of the contraction of what?
The muscles of inspiration
What is expiration?
A passive relaxation of the muscles of inspiration or a contraction of the muscles of expiration
What does an expired breath contain?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Pneumonia
Alveoli
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Bronchitis
Bronchi
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Croup
Larynx and trachea
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Pleurisy
Pleura layers (inflammation)
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Pneumothorax
Pleura layers (air between the pleura layers)
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Hiccups
Diaphragm
What is the structure involved in this condition?:
Asthma
Bronchi and bronchioles
What do coughing and sneezing use to propel air?
The muscles of expiration
What do coughing and sneezing launch into the air?
They launch a cloud of droplets that may contain viruses or bacteria.
How long can viruses or bacteria remain infectious outside the body?
They can remain infectious to others for hours.
How can you restrain a cough or sneeze?
Cover your nose and mouth with a tissue.
What should you do if a tissue is not available to cover a cough or sneeze?
Aim your sneeze toward the inner bend of your arm or downward, or at least turn your face away from people.
How can persistent coughs be described?
Persistent coughs can be described by duration and whether they are dry or productive.
What conditions have productive coughs?
Bronchitis, pneumonia, and allergies have productive coughs.
What is 1?
Right atrium (deoxygenated; paired; right side)
What is 2?
Left atrium (oxygenated; paired; left side)
What is 3?
Superior vena cava (deoxygenated)
What is 4?
Aorta (oxygenated)
What is 5?
Pulmonary artery left (deoxygenated; left side)
What is 6?
Pulmonary vein (oxygenated; left side)
What is 7?
Atrioventricular valve (oxygenated; paired; left side)
What is 8?
Aortic valve (oxygenated)
What is 9?
Left ventricle (oxygenated; paired; left side)
What is 10?
Right ventricle (deoxygenated; paired; right side)
What is 11?
Inferior vena cava (deoxygenated)
What is 12?
Atrioventricular valve (deoxygenated; paired; right side)
What is 13?
Pulmonary valve (deoxygenated)
What is plasma?
Plasma is a clear, pale yellow liquid that can be separated from blood by spinning it in a centrifuge.
What are the three kinds of proteins found in plasma?
The three kinds of proteins in plasma are albumin, globulins, and fibrinogen.
What is the function of albumin?
Albumin draws water from outside the capillary into the capillary.
What is the role of globulins?
Globulins fight disease.
What does fibrinogen do?
Fibrinogen can be changed into fibrin by the coagulation cascade.
What are the cellular layers found in blood?
The cellular layers include a thin white band of white blood cells and platelets, and a red layer of red blood cells.
What occupies almost half of the blood volume?
The red layer, which contains red blood cells.
What is a thrombus?
An unwanted blood clot that forms when coagulation of the blood happens too easily.
What is an embolus?
A traveling blood clot that can break loose from a thrombus.
What condition is caused by traveling blood clots clogging small vessels in the lung?
Pulmonary embolism.
What happens if blood clots form but do not stay fixed to the wound?
Bleeding continues, which may indicate a missing coagulation factor and an inherited disease called hemophilia.
What can cause the loss of red blood cells?
Excessive bleeding, called hemorrhage.
What can irreparably damage red blood cells?
Carbon monoxide poisoning.
What is the inherited disease that causes red blood cells to form into a crescent shape?
Sickle-cell anemia.
What happens to red blood cells that are removed from the blood?
They are recycled.
What is the first step in recycling hemoglobin?
The iron is taken out and stored.
What is globin made into during the recycling process?
New amino acids.
What is heme transformed into?
Bilirubin and then bile.
What happens when lots of RBCs are destroyed at one time?
The increase in bilirubin in the blood can make a person have a yellowish appearance called jaundice.
What replaces destroyed RBCs?
The RBCs are replaced by new ones made in the bone marrow.
What is the condition called when a person has a low count of RBCs?
The condition is called anemia.
What does anemia involve in terms of hemoglobin?
Anemia involves having a lesser amount of hemoglobin than normal.
What is the function of arteries?
Arteries pump blood from the heart under pressure and have lots of smooth muscle.
What do arteries branch into?
Arteries branch into smaller vessels called arterioles.
What are the smallest blood vessels called?
The smallest blood vessels are called capillaries.
What do capillaries reform into?
Capillaries reform into venules.
What are the largest return vessels called?
The largest return vessels are called veins.
What is a key feature of veins?
Veins have valves that keep the blood from flowing backward.
Blunt tip of the heart
Apex of the heart
Highest level of the blood pressure wave
Systolic pressure
Lowest level of the blood pressure wave
Diastolic pressure
Part of the heart connecting to major blood vessels
Base of the heart
Slick layer surrounding the heart that reduces friction
Pericardium
Sound made by a leaking heart valve
Heart murmur
Region between the lungs that contains the heart, major blood vessels, the esophagus, and the trachea
Mediastinum
Very active cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium that trigger the heart to contract
Pacemaker (SA node)
Blood supply to the heart muscle
Coronary arteries
Condition in which the signal of the pacemaker cells does not trigger the ventricles to contract
Heart block
Heart attack, permanent heart damage
Myocardial infarction (MI)
Inadequate heart contractions
Heart failure
No heartbeat or fibrillation
Cardiac arrest
Pain from insufficient blood flow to the heart muscles
Angina
Quivering heart muscle
Fibrillation
Surgery to remove rogue heart muscle cells that interfere with the normal heartbeat
Ablation
Systolic pressure of 140 or diastolic pressure of 90
High blood pressure
Surgery that widens a narrow artery and keeps it open with a stent
Angioplasty
Very rapid but ineffective heart contractions
Tachycardia
