Module #11 Flashcards
What is connective tissue?
A group of cells that secrete matrix, an extracellular substance.
What is the most important protein in connective tissue matrix?
Collagen.
What are two connective tissues that provide firm structure to the body?
Cartilage and bone
What happens to collagen without vitamin C?
Without vitamin C, collagen, the protein made by connective tissue, is defective.
This leads to wounds not healing, blood vessels breaking, and bones not developing correctly.
What is the function of cartilage?
Cartilage is connective tissue that stays flexible and protects the ends of bones in joints as articular cartilage.
How do many bones in the body develop?
They develop first as cartilage models that harden in a process called ossification.
Cells that breaks down bone
Osteoclasts
Cell that makes bone
Osteoblasts
Cell that makes cartilage
Chondroblasts
Mature bone cell
Osteocytes
Mature cartilage cell
Chondrocytes
Name the order of the bone formation stages:
1: The chondrocytes make a cartilage model
#2: The cartilage model begins to ossify in centers of ossification
#3: The ossified cartilage is penetrated by blood vessels
#4: The blood vessels bring osteoclasts and osteoblasts
#5: The ossified cartilage is replaced by woven bone
#6: The woven bone is replaced by lamellar (organized) bone
What type of bone…
Is broken down by osteoclasts?
Lamellar and woven bone
What type of bone…
Is built by osteoblasts?
Lamellar and woven bone
What type of bone…
Contains organized collagen fibers, layered like plywood?
Lamellar bone
What type of bone…
Contains disorganized collage fibers, piled like a haystack?
Woven bone
What type of bone…
Covered in periosteum?
Lamellar and woven bone
What type of bone…
Is laid down quickly?
Woven bone
What type of bone…
Is made of collage and hydroxyapatite?
Lamellar and woven bone
What type of bone…
Is made of layered sheets called lamellae?
Lamellar bone
What type of bone…
Is not the strongest bone?
Woven bone
What type of bone…
Is organized around a blood vessel in a unit called an osteon?
Lamellar bone
What type of bone…
Is used to patch fractures?
Woven bone
What type of bone…
When formed as spongy bone, has trabeculae?
Lamellar bone
What is A?
Epiphyseal plate
What is B?
Periosteum (compact bone)
What is C?
Spongy bone
What is D?
Medullary cavity (no bone)
What is E?
Marrow (fills all empty space)
What is F?
Epiphysis
What is G?
Shaft
What is H?
Articular cartilage
What are the three main influences on final height?
Genetics, nutrition, and hormones.
How do genetics influence height?
Genetics are inherited from your parents.
What nutrients are important for height growth?
Vitamin C, vitamin D, and calcium.
Which hormones influence height?
Sex hormones and growth hormone.
What condition results from too much growth hormone?
Giantism.
What is the most common cause of dwarfism?
A genetic mutation called achondroplasia.
What effect does achondroplasia have on the body?
It limits cartilage growth at the epiphyseal plates, resulting in very short arms and legs.
What role do sex hormones play in growth during teenage years?
They cause a growth spurt.
At what age do sex hormones typically stop growth?
Around the age of 20.
Why are girls usually shorter than boys?
The female sex hormone closes plate growth more effectively than the male sex hormone.
What is bone tissue constantly renewed by?
Bone tissue is constantly renewed by remodeling.
What does remodeling do to bone?
Remodeling removes old bone, reshapes bone for best function, and adds new bone where it is needed.
What are the two types of cells involved in bone remodeling?
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts
What happens if bones are not used?
If bones are not used, osteoclasts predominate and the bone weakens.
What happens when bone bears weight?
When bone bears weight, osteoblasts increase the strength of the bone.
A general term for any system of holding the bone segments firmly in place to heal
Immobilized fracture
The broken bone is held in position with a removable device
Splinted fracture
The broken bone is held in place with a rigid, non-removable device
Casted fracture
The entire broken bone remains under the skin
Closed fracture
A fragment of broken bone is exposed to air
Open fracture
The fragments of broken bone are not in their original position
Displaced fracture
The fragments of broken bone remain in correct relationship and do not need to be realigned
Nondisplaced fracture
The fragments of broken bone are realigned in proper relationship
Reduced fracture
What happens to blood vessels when a bone breaks?
They break along with the bone.
What is a hematoma?
A pool of blood that forms a large clot to stop the bleeding.
What replaces the hematoma after a few weeks?
A callus, which is a swollen area of cartilage, fibers, and woven bone.
What happens to the callus over time?
It is remodeled to leave only a small swelling at the fracture site.
What replaces woven bone in the remodeling process?
Lamella bone.
Bone, muscle, joint, tendon, and ligament injuries are treated with RICE. What do these letters stand for?
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation (RICE)
What bone feature supports the eye and what are the results if the bone is fractured?
Orbits; double vision
What bone feature supports the deep nasal septum and what are the results if the bone is fractured?
Vomer and ethmoid; trouble breathing through nose, swelling under the eyes, and crooked nose
What bone feature supports the cheeks and what are the results if the bone is fractured?
Zygomatic arch; trouble opening mouth
What bone feature supports the chin and lower teeth and what are the results if the bone is fractured?
Mandible; teeth don’t bite together normally
What are sutures?
Sutures are fibrous joints that don’t move and join the bones of the skull to each other.
What are fontanels?
The soft spots between immature skull bones in a baby
What happens when skull bones fail to develop fully?
Sometimes bones of the skull will fail to develop all the way to the edges and form a suture.
An example of this is a cleft lip/palate.
What is the vertebral column?
A series of vertebrae that articulate with each other.
How are vertebrae divided?
They are divided into regions.
Where are cervical vertebrae located?
Cervical vertebrae are in the neck.
What attaches to the thoracic vertebrae?
Ribs
What forms the curve of the lower back?
Lumbar vertebrae
What is the sacrum?
The sacrum is a large, fused vertebra that attaches between the coxal bones of the hips.
What is located below the sacrum?
Below the sacrum is the coccyx, made of 4 rudimentary vertebrae that may fuse together.
What threads through the arch of each vertebra?
The spinal cord
How does the diameter of the spinal cord change in the cervical vertebrae?
In the cervical vertebrae, the spinal cord is wide in diameter, but it narrows as it descends.
What happens to the spinal cord’s nerves as it descends?
Its nerves disperse to the rest of the body.
What are the two sections of a typical vertebra?
The weight-bearing section is called the body, and the other section is called the arch.
What surrounds the foramen in a vertebra?
The arch surrounds the foramen, which is the hole that the spinal cord passes through.
What extends out from the vertebrae?
Processes extend out from the vertebrae to connect with tendons and ligaments.
What separates the body of a vertebra from the next vertebra?
An intervertebral disk
What can happen to intervertebral disks over time?
They can wear out, herniate (bulge out), or rupture (break) and release pulp.
What can happen when a disk herniates or ruptures?
Sometimes this distortion compresses a spinal nerve, causing shooting pain in the part of the body innervated by that nerve.
Name the 4 curves in the spine from top to bottom (and name the structure at the end of the spine—bottom)
Top: Cervical curve
Thoracic curve
Lumbar curve
Sacral curve
Bottom: Coccyx
What does a newborn babies spine look like?
A parentheses
Which spinal curve is exaggerated in kyphosis?
The thoracic vertebrae curve
What spinal curve is exaggerated in lordosis?
The lumbar vertebrae curve
What is scoliosis?
The twisting or curving of the spine when viewed from the back.
An activity that stretches and prepares muscles, tendons, and ligaments before strenuous activity.
Warming up
Amount of health movement of a joint, preserved by stretching
Range of motion
A bone that does not attach to the sternum
Floating rib
A connection between the sternum and most of the ribs
Costal cartilage
Proper technique when performing a physical activity
Form
A tissue that actively contracts and that can bear less stress than a tendon
Muscle
A tough, fibrous strap connecting muscle and bone
Tendon
A tough, fibrous strap between bones that limits range of motion
Ligament
Bending a joint beyond its normal range of motion
Hyperextension
Damage to a muscle or tendon
Strain
Damage to a ligament
Sprain
Painful lump on a rib that hurts with each deep breath and is not treated with bed rest or overuse
Broken rib
An inflammation of a tendon from repeated damage
Tendinitis
An inflammation near the center of the chest that causes pain with a deep breath
Costochondritis
An injury that makes a joint unstable and more likely to dislocate
Torn ligament
What is the fibrous structure where 2 bones come together called?
A joint.
What are the two types of joints based on mobility?
Fibrous joints that barely move and synovial joints that have great mobility.
What is the relationship between joint mobility and stability?
The more the bones move in a joint, the less stable the joint is.
What is stability of a joint?
Its resistance to dislocation.
What is a meniscus in a synovial joint?
An extra pad of cartilage that protects one bone from another when the joint bends.
What happens if a meniscus tears?
The torn piece of cartilage can interfere with the joint, and often must be surgically repaired or removed.
What is inflammation of a joint called?
Arthritis.
What typically causes arthritis?
Injury, overuse, or the normal wear and tear of years of life.
What is A?
Bone
What is B?
Articuler cartilage
What is C?
Bone
What is D?
Synovial membrane
What is E?
Articular capsule
What is F?
Joint cavity containing synovial fluid
What type of muscle acts at your command?
Skeletal muscle acts at your command.
What are muscle tissue cells called?
Muscle fiber
What are the organelles inside muscle fiber called?
Myofibrils
How do myofibrils run?
Myofibrils run length-wise and all contract at the same time.
What defines a unit of myofibril length?
Protein bands that cross each myofibril define a unit of myofibril length called a sarcomere.
What is a sarcomere?
A sarcomere is a sophisticated bundle of thin and thick protein filaments that ratchet along each other when activated to contract.
What is the effect of thousands of sarcomeres contracting?
The multiplied effect of thousands of sarcomeres down the length of the myofibril shortens it significantly.
What are muscle fibers wrapped in?
Connective tissue called fascia.
What else is wrapped in fascia besides muscle fibers?
Bundles of fibers, entire muscles, and groups of muscles
What does fascia carry to supply each muscle fiber?
Blood vessels and nerves
What does fascia become at the end of muscle fibers?
Fascia continues past the end of muscle fibers to become tendons that attach to bone.
What innervates each muscle fiber?
A motor neuron through a neuromuscular junction, a type of synapse.
What determines the strength of a muscle contraction?
The only difference between a weak muscle contraction and a strong one is how many muscle fibers have been activated to contract.
What fuels do muscles use for the first few minutes of activity?
The muscle uses fuels that make ATP without consuming oxygen.
What causes fatigue during initial muscle activity?
Lactic acid builds up
What begins after the initial phase of muscle activity?
Aerobic respiration
What does aerobic respiration require?
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and produces a lot of ATPs for the effort.
What substrates can aerobic respiration rely on?
Aerobic respiration relies on glucose, but it can also run on fatty acids or amino acids.
What do skeletal muscles primarily use for prolonged energy production?
Skeletal muscles primarily use fatty acids for prolonged energy production.
A muscle attaches between the base of your thumb and your elbow, and it causes your thumb to bend. Which end is the origin? How do you know?
Organ: Elbow
Insertion: Thumb
The muscle end called the organ attaches to the bone that moves less. The other end (insertion) is on the bone that moves more
What is an agonist?
The agonist is the muscle that contracts and accomplishes the motion you desire.
What is an antagonist?
The muscle that reverses the action of the agonist.
What role do supporting muscles play?
Supporting muscles help keep the joint from twisting or maintain the body’s position during movement.
Which parts of the brain synchronize muscle movements?
The cerebrum, the cerebellum, and the brain stem.
Can the brain signal an agonist and antagonist to contract at the same time?
No, the brain will not automatically signal both to contract simultaneously.
How should agonist and antagonist muscles be exercised for top physical condition?
Both the agonist and antagonist muscles must be exercised equally.
What is a spasm?
A spasm is a painful, unintended contraction of a muscle.
How can you stop a spasm?
Gently stretch the affected muscle and contract its antagonist.
Why should you pay attention to form to accomplish a physical goal?
It’s important to have the right form because the most strength and least amount of damage happens when muscles are at optimum length.
What things increase because of exercise?
1: Aerobic respiration
2: Blood flow to the muscle
3: Coordination
4: Myofibrils
5: Number of muscle fibers called into action when a signal is given to contract
6: Strength
