Module 5 Flashcards
What is the primary function of the respiratory system
Gas exchange
Name 5 functions of the respiratory system?
- Defense against microbes
- Trap and dissolve blood clots
- Phonation: vocalizations
- Regulation of blood pH
- Gas exchange
T or F CO2 is a byproduct of aerobic respiration
TRUE
O2 used to convert food to ATP
Internal or external respiration?
Internal respiration
____________ respiration moves air to tissues for aerobic cellular respiration
External
What are the 4 processes of external respiration in order?
- Pulmonary ventilation (air in/out of alveoli
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between alveoli and blood by diffusion (in pulmonary capillaries)
- Transportation of O2 and CO2 between lungs and tissue by blood
- Exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood and tissues
T or F Air flow is tidal
TRUE
Define the term tidal in terms of air flow
air moves into the respiratory system through a pathway, reverses direction, and comes back out the same pathway backwards.
What is the pathway of air flow in order (11 terms)
- Oral/Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Glottis
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveoli
Air flows from the 1.____ ______ to the 2.________ to get into the 3.______ and from the alveoli to the oral/nasal cavity to get back out into the 4.___________
1.Oral/nasal cavity
2. Alveoli
3. Lungs
4. Atmosphere
- Oral/Nasal cavity
- Pharynx
- Epiglottis
- Glottis
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchioles
These structures are all apart of which zone
The conducting zone
- Terminal bronchioles
- Respiratory bronchioles
- Alveoli
These structures are all apart of which zone
The respiratory zone
Which way do external intercostals pull the ribs during contraction
They pull up and out on the ribs
Internal intercostals pull ______ and __ on the ribs
Pull down and in on the ribs
Fill in the missing information for the Pathway of Air flow
Oral/Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > ___________ > Glottis > Larynx > _____________ > Bronchi > Bronchioles > ____________ Bronchioles > ____________ Bronchioles > Alveoli.
Oral/Nasal Cavity > Pharynx > EPIGLOTTIS> Glottis > Larynx > TRACHEA > Bronchi > bronchioles > TERMINAL BRONCHIOLES > RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES > Alveoli.
Pharynx
back of throat
Another name for Larynx is ________
voicebox
What happens to the trachea even as pressure changes with air flow
the trachea is held open
Bronchi divide into smaller and smaller tubes for 20-23 generations for a total of approximately how many tubules?
8 million
How do Bronchi and Bronchioles differ?
Bronchi contains cartilage, bronchioles contain elastin fibers
What are the smallest tubes of the conducting zone that lead to the respiratory zone?
Terminal Bronchioles
What is the first tube of the respiratory zone that leads to the alveoli which is the primary place of gas exchange?
Respiratory Bronchioles
Approximately how many alveoli do the lungs contain? What is their surface area?
300 million; SA= 60-100 m^2
In the conducting zone, air temperature is modified to match what?
What is modified to match body humidity?
Air temp is modified to match body temp; Air humidity is modified to match body humidity
In the respiratory zone, where does gas exchange by diffusion take place? (3)
- across type I alveolar cells
- fused basement membranes
- endothelial cells
How thick is the respiratory membrane?
0.2 μm thick
What allows for very fast diffusion of gases?
short distance and high surface area of alveoli
where are inspiratory neurons and expiratory neurons housed?
In the medulla oblongata
What is needed for aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
During quiet and active breathing, inspiratory neurons fire periodic bursts of action potentials during inspiration. Where do these APs travel?
external intercostal nerves > external intercostal muscles> trigger contraction >phrenic nerve > diaphragm > trigger contraction
What happens when the ext. intercostal muscles and diaphragm contract during quiet and active breathing? (inspiratory neurons)
- Volume increases in thoracic cavity
- pressure decreases in the alveoli below atmospheric pressure
- air moves from the atm. to the alveoli
During quiet breathing, what happens during expiration/exhalation?
- Inspiratory neurons stop sending signals
- diaphragm and ext. intercostal muscles relax
- Volume decreases in thoracic cavity and pressure increases in alveoli.
- air moves from alveoli to atm.
During expiration for active breathing inspiratory neurons stop sending signals and muscles relax. What is happening at the same time?
- expiratory neurons send signals to int. intercostal nerves to int. intercostal muscles
- Int. intercostal muscles contract
- volume decreases in thoracic cavity, pressure increases in alveoli even more.
- more outflow of air into atm.
What is the main difference between quiet and active breathing of expiration/exhalation?
During quiet breathing, the external intercostal muscles are relaxed.
During active breathing, the external intercostal muscles are relaxed AND internal intercostal muscles contract for more air flow
T/F Internal intercostal muscles are relaxed during inspiration of active breathing and contracted during expiration
True
How are lung volumes and capacities measured?
Spirometry
Define tidal volume (Vt) and its volume
air moved during normal breath
Vt= 500 ml
What is the volume of the extra amount that you can inhale in a big breath over and above what you can normally inhale with a normal breath and what is it called?
Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) = 3000 ml
What is the volume of the extra air that you can exhale with a big breath over and above what you can normally exhale and what is it called?
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) = 1000 ml
Define residual volume and its volume
air left in the lungs after a big exhalation
RV= 1200 ml
Inspiratory Capacity (IC =VT + IRV) is defined as…
total amount of air you can inhale with a big breath
Vital Capacity (VC=VT + IRV + ERV) is defined as…
total amount of air you can exhale with a big breath
air left in the lungs after a normal exhalation
Functional residual Capacity (FRC=
ERV + RV)
volume of air in the lungs after a big inhalation
Total Lung Capacity (TLC= VT + ERV + IRV + RV)
total amount of air that flows into or out of the respiratory system in one minute (similar to CO and alveolar ventilation)
minute ventilation
How do minute and alveolar ventilation differ?
Alveolar ventilation takes into account that not all air that moves through the respiratory system does gas exchange.
VE = VT (tidal volume) X RR (breathing rate)
This is the equation for…
Minute ventilation
VA = (VT - DSV) X RR
This the equation for…
alveolar ventilation
After CO2 crosses the BBB, what occurs? ( put them in order)
___. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
____. breathing rate increases
_____. increase in hydrogen ions triggers a faster rate of action potentials in Insp. neurons
_____. carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid
- carbonic anhydrase converts carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid
- carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions.
- increase in hydrogen ions triggers a faster rate of action potentials in Insp. neurons
- breathing rate increases
What can Peripheral chemoreceptors do?
test the blood being delivered to the tissues
T/F Small changes in the partial presure of oxygen in arterial blood cause large changes in breathing rate.
False, SMALL changes in pp of CO2 and pH, and LARGE changes in pp of Oxygen
T/F Carbon dioxide is transported in three ways in arterial blood.
False, it is transported 3 ways in VENOUS blood
what determines the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in blood?
the 5-6% of CO2 dissolved directly in the plasma (free-floating CO2)
1._______% of co2 is dissolved directly in the plasma.
2. 5-8% is carried as a _____________ _______________.
3. 86-90% is converted to _____________
- 5-6%
- carbamino acid
- bicarbonate
What is the flow of CO2 transport in blood (Flows from High to low pp)?
CO2 inside tissue cells > insterstitial fluid > Plasma > RBCs
What are the 3 fates of Co2 after it flows to the RBCs.
- Some Co2 remains dissolve
- some bind to hemoglobin
- some is converted along with water into carbonic acid by carbonic anhydrase
What happens to the CO2 that was converted into carbonic acid during CO2 transport in blood?
carbonic acid converts into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions
Bicarbonate binds to a transporter protein in the red blood cell membrane on the inside of the cell and a chloride ion binds to the same transporter protein on the outside of the red blood cell and the two are exchanged across the membrane. What is this defined as?
Chloride Shift
what 3 things occur after carbon dioxide is loaded into blood at the tissues?
- blood carries carbon dioxide to the pulmonary capillary/alveoli interface
- co2 moves from blood to alveoli
- co2 moves from alveoli to atmosphere
Pressure for air in external environment, normally 760 mmHg, changes with altitude considered constant on a moment-moment basis.
atmospheric pressure
Pressure of the air inside the alveoli
intra-alveolar pressure
pressure of air inside pleural space,
intra-pleural pressure
what pressure describes the difference between intra-pleural pressure and intra-alveolar pressure
transpulmonary pressure
T or F
Opposing forces exerted by the chest wall and the lungs creates a negative pressure in intra-pleural pressure
True
T or F
Intra-pleural pressure > intra-alveolar pressure
False, it is less than
Intra-pleural pressure < intra-alveolar pressure
T or F
The bigger the transpulmonary pressure is, the bigger the distending pressure is on the alveoli which causes the alveoli to expand
True
What do Boyle’s Law and the flow equation describe?
the air movement & the impetus (the force/energy with which a body moves) for air movement during ventilation
Which equation is this:
_____ = pressure difference/ resistance
Flow equation
Flow = pressure difference/ resistance
What does difference between atmospheric pressure and alveolar pressure equal?
atmospheric pressure - alveolar pressure = _______ ________
Pressure difference
atmospheric pressure - alveolar pressure = pressure difference
What is resistance
the overall resistance to air flow in the entire set of tubes in the pulmonary system.
Resistance to air flow is primarily determined by what?
The radii (radius) of the tubes in the pulmonary system
What 3 factors can affect resistance?
- passive forces on airways
- contractile activity of smooth muscle in tubes
- mucus secretion in airways
air flow moves in what direction of pressure
high pressure to low pressure
T or F
atmospheric pressure is constant but alveolar pressure is not
True
When atmospheric pressure is > alveolar pressure there is 1. (positive or negative) flow, 2. (inhale or exhale)
3. and (low->high pressure or high->low pressure)?
- positive flow
- inhale
- low->high pressure
when atmospheric pressure is < alveolar pressure there is 1. (positive or negative flow), 2. (inhale or exhale), 3. (low->high pressure or high->low pressure)?
- negative flow
- exhale
- high->low pressure
which equation is this?
PV = nRT
Boyle’s law
P= pressure
V = volume
nRT is constant
T or F in Boyle’s Law pressure and volume are inversely proportional, if V increase P decreases to keep the product the same, if V decreases P increases
True
T or F
nRT in Boyle’s law is not a constant
False, nRT is constant
what is the percentage of the oxygen in blood that is free floating in plasma
2.5%
the percentage of the oxygen in blood that is free floating determines what?
The partial pressure of O2 in blood
____________ is considered an O2 reservoir (open-air storage area)
Hemoglobin
How many subunits does hemoglobin have and how many O2 can it bind to?
4 subunits that each contain an iron atom
bind to 4 oxygen
T or F binding of the 3rd O2 in hemoglobin requires lots of available O2?
False, the binding of the 1st O2
___________ = bound to oxygen
___________ = not bound to oxygen
oxyhemoglobin
deoxyhemoglobin
PUT THE FOLLOWING IN ORDER 1-4 (this occurs before the flow back to the heart)
oxygen diffuses from the plasma into the red blood cells down its partial pressure gradient
As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the partial pressure of oxygen in the red blood cells starts to drop which allows even more oxygen to move into the red blood cell, plasma, and more to move from the alveoli into the plasma.
As the partial pressure of oxygen increases in the red blood cells, oxygen begins to bind to hemoglobin
oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from the alveoli and into the plasma
- oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from the alveoli and into the plasma
- oxygen diffuses from the plasma into the red blood cells down its partial pressure gradient
- As the partial pressure of oxygen increases in the red blood cells, oxygen begins to bind to hemoglobin
- As oxygen binds to hemoglobin, the partial pressure of oxygen in the red blood cells starts to drop which allows even more oxygen to move into the red blood cell, plasma, and more to move from the alveoli into the plasma.
T or F
The “loading” of hemoglobin with oxygen occurs until the saturation of hemoglobin reaches around 98%
True
Hemoglobin is fully saturated within the first ____ of the pulmonary capillary system.
1/3
T or F
Atmospheric air has a higher partial pressure of oxygen than alveolar air because the new air coming in mixes with the oxygen-depleted air trapped in the alveoli.
True
T or F
Alveolar air has a lower partial pressure of oxygen than does the plasma in the blood of the pulmonary capillaries
False, it has a higher partial pressure
What does the dissociation curve of oxy-hemoglobin show?
the relationship between partial pressure of oxygen in blood and % of hemoglobin saturation
as the partial pressure of oxygen in blood __________ , the percent hemoglobin saturation __________, but the slope is not linear, the graph is an ________.
increases
increases
S curve
what is a shift to the RIGHT of the normal dissociation curve called and what does it mean?
called the Bohr effect
means that it takes a higher partial pressure of oxygen to obtain the same percent hemoglobin saturation (more difficult to bind O2 to hemoglobin)
3 causes of the Bohr effect
- increase in temperature
- increase in concentration of hydrogen ions (which is also a decrease in pH)
- increase in partial pressure of carbon dioxide
what does a shift to the left of the normal dissociation curve mean and where does it occur?
means that it takes a lower partial pressure of oxygen to obtain the same percent hemoglobin saturation (easier to bind O2 to hemoglobin)
occurs at pulmonary capillary blood to alveoli interface
a shift to the left of the normal dissociation curve occur in specific cases such as?
fetal hemoglobin and myoglobin
central chemoreceptors respond only to what?
changes in hydrogen ion concentration of the brain interstitial fluid
Central chemoreceptors are on what side of the blood-brain-barrier
The brain side of the blood-brain barrier, cannot be directly affected by blood
T or F
hydrogen cannot pass the blood-brain barrier but CO2 can?
True
An increase in ________ triggers action potentials (fast rate) in medullary inspiratory which increases _______ ____
Hydrogen
breathing rate
T or F
Central chemoreceptors are affected by changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.
False, they are not affected
_________ chemoreceptors are located in the medulla oblongata
_________ chemoreceptors are located in the carotid bodies near the carotid sinus above the heart
- central chemoreceptors
- peripheral chemoreceptors
Peripheral chemoreceptors increase their rate of action potentials which sends a signal to medullary inspiratory neurons, this increases breathing rate in response to 1. (small or large) changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH and to 2. (small or large, more than 40 mm Hg) changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.
- small changes in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide and pH
- large, more than 40 mm Hg changes in the partial pressure of oxygen.
Total pressure
a mixture of different gases is the sum of all the individual pressures of the gases that make up the mixture.
the proportion of pressure of the total pressure that is due to the pressure of that individual gas
partial pressure
= (% of gas * total pressure)
partial pressures of gases are independent of each other.
Daltons Law
diffusion of gases into a liquid is proportional to the partial pressure of those gases.
Henry’s Law (c= kP)
What does each variable represent c= kP
c = molar concentration of gas (mol/L)
k = henry’s constant
P= partial pressure
What does Henry’s law describe?
movement of O2 into blood from air
movement of CO2 from blood into air
Opening a carbonated beverage would describe which law?
Henry’s law
What are the 4 sites of gas exchange?
- Oxygen diffuses from alveoli to blood in pulmonary capillaries.
- Oxygen diffuses from blood in tissue capillaries to tissues.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from blood in pulmonary capillaries to alveoli.
- Carbon dioxide diffuses from tissues to blood in tissues capillaries.
Put the following steps of oxygen flow in blood back to the heart in order 1-4 (high-> low pressure)
As the partial pressure of oxygen in the red blood cells drops, oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin and becomes available for diffusion out of the red blood cell, into the plasma, into the interstitial fluid, and ultimately into the cells of the tissue.
oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from the blood to the interstitial fluid.
oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from the interstitial fluid to inside the tissue cells.
oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from inside the red blood cells to into the plasma
- oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from the interstitial fluid to inside the tissue cells.
- oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from the blood to the interstitial fluid.
3.oxygen diffuses down its partial pressure gradient from inside the red blood cells to into the plasma - As the partial pressure of oxygen in the red blood cells drops, oxygen unbinds from hemoglobin and becomes available for diffusion out of the red blood cell, into the plasma, into the interstitial fluid, and ultimately into the cells of the tissue.
