Module 1 Flashcards
__________ is the study of the parts of an organism, what they are called, and where they are located; however, _________ is the study of how those parts function.
Anatomy; Physiology
_________ (atoms) are the basic building blocks of molecules
elements
Atoms are composed of what 3 subatomic particles?
protons (+)
neutrons(0)
electrons (-)
Changing the number of protons in an atom changes its?
element or identity and its mass.
Physiology can also be defined as the study of _________
Homeostasis
What are the two primary methods of maintaining homeostasis in the human body?
Negative and Positive Feedback loops
Negative feedback is aimed at maintaining what type of homeostasis?
Short and Long-term homeostasis
Changing the number of neutrons in an atom produces?
an isotope of the same element that has a different mass.
Changing the number of electrons in an atom creates?
an ion of the atom without changing its mass.
what four elements make up 99% of atoms in body?
Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).
bonds that occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?
covalent bonds
Positive feedback is aimed at maintaining what?
Only long-term homeostasis
When does a negative feedback loop occur?
when a value in the body such as internal body temperature moves away from a set-point
if electrons are shared equally then what time of bond is produced?
nonpolar covalent bond
If the electrons are shared unequally then a ______ covalent bond is produced.
polar
Give 3 examples of negative feedback control
*Temperature
*O2, CO2, glucose, and water concentrations
*Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, and H+ ion concentrations
*Levels of hormones, receptors, cholesterol; body weight
*Levels of transcription factors and gene expression
*Rates of cell division and cell death
*Erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers; iron concentration
*Blood pressure, lymph flow, stomach acidity
*Muscle lengths; rhodopsin synthesis
what bonds occur when a strongly electronegative atom “steals” an electron from a weakly electronegative atom to create a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other atom?
ionic bonds
When does a positive feedback loop occur?
when a small change in a value results in an even bigger change which results in an even bigger change in that value
what bonds occurs when there is an electrical attraction between the H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O, N, Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or the same molecule)?
hydrogen bonds
Give 3 examples of positive feedback control
*Contractions during labor
*Immune response
*Blood clotting
*Ovulation
*Action potentials in nerve cells
How is physiology studied?
Using scientific method
most common molecule in body - 60%
- intracellular fluid = 2/3 of total body H2O
- extracellular fluid = 1/3 of TBW
-interstitial fluid (80%)
-plasma (20%)
water
C, H, O in proportion Cn(H2O)n
*Sugars
carbohydrates
- __________= one sugar
e.g., glucose
- Disaccharide = ____ _____ formed by dehydration synthesis
e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose
3.___________ = many sugars
1.Monosaccharide
2. two sugars
3. polysaccharide
What are the 4 basic types of tissues?
epithelial, connective , muscle, nervous
- CHO
- mainly H and C atoms with covalent bonds
*non-polar, low solubility in water
*Fatty acids: chain of C with carboxyl group on end
lipids
C, H, O, N and (some P)
*macromolecules of thousands of atoms
*structure very complex
*function as receptors, enzymes, hemoglobin
- Amino acids: building blocks (subunits) of proteins; R = side chain that can vary in property (polar, nonpolar, ionized); 20 different AA’s due to 20 different R’s
proteins
Define the function of muscle tissue and give an example.
generate mechanical activities that produce force and movement
ex: the heart
CHONP
Storage, expression & transmission of genetic information
*Basic subunit = nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base
*DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid
Sugar = deoxyribose (“missing” oxygen)
4 bases
nucleic acids
High energy phosphate bonds
Major molecules for transferring energy
Involved in:
- muscle contraction
- active transport across membranes
- synthesis of organic molecules
ATP
To initiate and conduct electrical impulses is the function of what type of tissue?
Nerve
proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction?
ENZYMES
4 properties of enzymes
specificity, affinity, saturation, competition
Define the function of a epithelial tissue and give an example.
selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules, membranes & glands
Ex: intestine
which type of enzyme regulation is this
the shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered to match the ligand by binding of a molecule to enzyme’s regulatory site; activates the enzyme?
Allosteric modulation
To connect, anchor and support structures of body, like cartilage, is the function of what type of tissue?
Connective
which type of enzyme regulation is this
the shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered to match the ligand by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme; activates the enzyme
Covalent modulation
what is the movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules?
Diffusion
Reaction rates are affected by what?
Enzyme concentration & activity, substrate and product concentrations, and End product inhibition
What is diffusion of water across membrane that is impermeable to most other compounds; Water moves from where water is in high concentration to where water is in low concentration?
Osmosis
What occurs when a substance is transported down a concentration gradient by a transport protein; does not require the addition of energy?
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport of molecules using a protein (pump) that uses ATP as the energy source
Ex: Na+/K+ pump
Primary active transport
what uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient.
Secondary Active Transport
transport of macromolecules into the cell by forming vesicles from plasma membrane; includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis
Endocytosis
transport of macromolecules out of cell by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane
Exocytosis
What 3 things affect the rate of diffusion?
- Magnitude of the concentration gradient
- The permeability of the membrane
- The surface area of the membrane
- _______________:
Acts as a boundary, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell. - ______________:
Gel-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended. - _____________:
Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
4._______________:
Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions.
5._________________________:
________________: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
_______________: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
6._________________:
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
7.__________________:
Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through cellular respiration.
8._____________________:
Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and recycling.
- ____________________:
Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances. - ____________________:
Microtubule-organizing center; involved in cell division. - ________________:
Provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport. - _________________(in plant cells):
Store nutrients, waste products, and maintain turgor pressure. - _____________(in plant cells):
Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll. - _____________ (in plant cells):
Provides structural support and protection. - ____________________:
Appendages for cell movement or moving substances over cell surface. - _____________________:
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, controlling entry and exit. - ___________________:
Region within the nucleus involved in ribosome synthesis.
- Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane):
Acts as a boundary, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell. - Cytoplasm:
Gel-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended. - Nucleus:
Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
4.Ribosomes:
Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions.
- Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.
6.Golgi Apparatus:
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.
7.Mitochondria:
Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through cellular respiration.
8.Lysosomes:
Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and recycling.
- Peroxisomes:
Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances. - Centrosome:
Microtubule-organizing center; involved in cell division. - Cytoskeleton
Provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport. - Vacuoles (in plant cells):
Store nutrients, waste products, and maintain turgor pressure. - Chloroplasts (in plant cells):
Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll. - Cell Wall (in plant cells):
Provides structural support and protection. - Flagella and Cilia:
Appendages for cell movement or moving substances over cell surface. - Nuclear Envelope:
Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, controlling entry and exit. - Nucleolus:
Region within the nucleus involved in ribosome synthesis.
