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Physiology > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is the study of the parts of an organism, what they are called, and where they are located; however, _________ is the study of how those parts function.

A

Anatomy; Physiology

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2
Q

_________ (atoms) are the basic building blocks of molecules

A

elements

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3
Q

Atoms are composed of what 3 subatomic particles?

A

protons (+)
neutrons(0)
electrons (-)

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4
Q

Changing the number of protons in an atom changes its?

A

element or identity and its mass.

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5
Q

Physiology can also be defined as the study of _________

A

Homeostasis

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6
Q

What are the two primary methods of maintaining homeostasis in the human body?

A

Negative and Positive Feedback loops

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6
Q

Negative feedback is aimed at maintaining what type of homeostasis?

A

Short and Long-term homeostasis

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7
Q

Changing the number of neutrons in an atom produces?

A

an isotope of the same element that has a different mass.

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8
Q

Changing the number of electrons in an atom creates?

A

an ion of the atom without changing its mass.

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9
Q

what four elements make up 99% of atoms in body?

A

Carbon (C), Oxygen (O), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N).

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10
Q

bonds that occur when atoms share one or more pairs of electrons?

A

covalent bonds

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11
Q

Positive feedback is aimed at maintaining what?

A

Only long-term homeostasis

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12
Q

When does a negative feedback loop occur?

A

when a value in the body such as internal body temperature moves away from a set-point

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13
Q

if electrons are shared equally then what time of bond is produced?

A

nonpolar covalent bond

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14
Q

If the electrons are shared unequally then a ______ covalent bond is produced.

A

polar

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15
Q

Give 3 examples of negative feedback control

A

*Temperature

*O2, CO2, glucose, and water concentrations

*Na+, K+, Ca++, Cl-, and H+ ion concentrations

*Levels of hormones, receptors, cholesterol; body weight

*Levels of transcription factors and gene expression

*Rates of cell division and cell death

*Erythrocyte and leukocyte numbers; iron concentration

*Blood pressure, lymph flow, stomach acidity

*Muscle lengths; rhodopsin synthesis

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16
Q

what bonds occur when a strongly electronegative atom “steals” an electron from a weakly electronegative atom to create a negative charge on one atom and a positive charge on the other atom?

A

ionic bonds

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17
Q

When does a positive feedback loop occur?

A

when a small change in a value results in an even bigger change which results in an even bigger change in that value

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18
Q

what bonds occurs when there is an electrical attraction between the H atom in a polar bond with a strongly electronegative atom (O, N, Cl) in polar bond of another molecule (or the same molecule)?

A

hydrogen bonds

19
Q

Give 3 examples of positive feedback control

A

*Contractions during labor

*Immune response

*Blood clotting

*Ovulation

*Action potentials in nerve cells

20
Q

How is physiology studied?

A

Using scientific method

21
Q

most common molecule in body - 60%

  • intracellular fluid = 2/3 of total body H2O
  • extracellular fluid = 1/3 of TBW

-interstitial fluid (80%)

-plasma (20%)

A

water

22
Q

C, H, O in proportion Cn(H2O)n

*Sugars

A

carbohydrates

23
Q
  1. __________= one sugar

e.g., glucose

  1. Disaccharide = ____ _____ formed by dehydration synthesis

e.g., sucrose = glucose + fructose

3.___________ = many sugars

A

1.Monosaccharide
2. two sugars
3. polysaccharide

24
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

epithelial, connective , muscle, nervous

25
Q
  • CHO
  • mainly H and C atoms with covalent bonds

*non-polar, low solubility in water

*Fatty acids: chain of C with carboxyl group on end

A

lipids

26
Q

C, H, O, N and (some P)

*macromolecules of thousands of atoms

*structure very complex

*function as receptors, enzymes, hemoglobin

  • Amino acids: building blocks (subunits) of proteins; R = side chain that can vary in property (polar, nonpolar, ionized); 20 different AA’s due to 20 different R’s
A

proteins

27
Q

Define the function of muscle tissue and give an example.

A

generate mechanical activities that produce force and movement

ex: the heart

28
Q

CHONP

Storage, expression & transmission of genetic information

*Basic subunit = nucleotide = sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base

*DNA - deoxyribonucleic acid

Sugar = deoxyribose (“missing” oxygen)

4 bases

A

nucleic acids

29
Q

High energy phosphate bonds

Major molecules for transferring energy

Involved in:

  • muscle contraction
  • active transport across membranes
  • synthesis of organic molecules
A

ATP

30
Q

To initiate and conduct electrical impulses is the function of what type of tissue?

A

Nerve

31
Q

proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of the reaction?

A

ENZYMES

32
Q

4 properties of enzymes

A

specificity, affinity, saturation, competition

33
Q

Define the function of a epithelial tissue and give an example.

A

selectively secrete and absorb ions and organic molecules, membranes & glands

Ex: intestine

34
Q

which type of enzyme regulation is this

the shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered to match the ligand by binding of a molecule to enzyme’s regulatory site; activates the enzyme?

A

Allosteric modulation

35
Q

To connect, anchor and support structures of body, like cartilage, is the function of what type of tissue?

A

Connective

36
Q

which type of enzyme regulation is this

the shape of enzyme’s functional site is altered to match the ligand by covalent bonding of charged chemical group to enzyme; activates the enzyme

A

Covalent modulation

37
Q

what is the movement of molecules from where they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration solely as result of random movement of molecules?

A

Diffusion

38
Q

Reaction rates are affected by what?

A

Enzyme concentration & activity, substrate and product concentrations, and End product inhibition

39
Q

What is diffusion of water across membrane that is impermeable to most other compounds; Water moves from where water is in high concentration to where water is in low concentration?

A

Osmosis

40
Q

What occurs when a substance is transported down a concentration gradient by a transport protein; does not require the addition of energy?

A

Facilitated diffusion

41
Q

Active transport of molecules using a protein (pump) that uses ATP as the energy source

Ex: Na+/K+ pump

A

Primary active transport

42
Q

what uses energy of ion moving DOWN its electrochemical gradient to drive transport of a different molecule UP its electrochemical gradient.

A

Secondary Active Transport

43
Q

transport of macromolecules into the cell by forming vesicles from plasma membrane; includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis

A

Endocytosis

44
Q

transport of macromolecules out of cell by fusion of vesicles with plasma membrane

A

Exocytosis

45
Q

What 3 things affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Magnitude of the concentration gradient
  2. The permeability of the membrane
  3. The surface area of the membrane
46
Q
  1. _______________:
    Acts as a boundary, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
  2. ______________:
    Gel-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended.
  3. _____________:
    Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.

4._______________:
Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions.

5._________________________:
________________: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
_______________: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

6._________________:
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.

7.__________________:
Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through cellular respiration.

8._____________________:
Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and recycling.

  1. ____________________:
    Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
  2. ____________________:
    Microtubule-organizing center; involved in cell division.
  3. ________________:
    Provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport.
  4. _________________(in plant cells):
    Store nutrients, waste products, and maintain turgor pressure.
  5. _____________(in plant cells):
    Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
  6. _____________ (in plant cells):
    Provides structural support and protection.
  7. ____________________:
    Appendages for cell movement or moving substances over cell surface.
  8. _____________________:
    Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, controlling entry and exit.
  9. ___________________:
    Region within the nucleus involved in ribosome synthesis.
A
  1. Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane):
    Acts as a boundary, controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
  2. Cytoplasm:
    Gel-like substance inside the cell where organelles are suspended.
  3. Nucleus:
    Contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.

4.Ribosomes:
Synthesize proteins based on genetic instructions.

  1. Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
    Rough ER: Studded with ribosomes; involved in protein synthesis.
    Smooth ER: Involved in lipid synthesis and detoxification.

6.Golgi Apparatus:
Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins for transport.

7.Mitochondria:
Powerhouse of the cell; generates ATP through cellular respiration.

8.Lysosomes:
Contain enzymes for intracellular digestion and recycling.

  1. Peroxisomes:
    Break down fatty acids and detoxify harmful substances.
  2. Centrosome:
    Microtubule-organizing center; involved in cell division.
  3. Cytoskeleton
    Provides structural support and facilitates intracellular transport.
  4. Vacuoles (in plant cells):
    Store nutrients, waste products, and maintain turgor pressure.
  5. Chloroplasts (in plant cells):
    Site of photosynthesis; contains chlorophyll.
  6. Cell Wall (in plant cells):
    Provides structural support and protection.
  7. Flagella and Cilia:
    Appendages for cell movement or moving substances over cell surface.
  8. Nuclear Envelope:
    Double membrane surrounding the nucleus, controlling entry and exit.
  9. Nucleolus:
    Region within the nucleus involved in ribosome synthesis.

Physiology (10 decks)

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